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Petrographic, mineralogical, and climatic analyses, and risk maps for conservation strategies

100%

Bartz W., Kościuk J., Gąsior M., Dziedzic T.

Architectus

2020

issue 2(62)

135-149

El Fuerte de Samaipata is a pre-Hispanic archaeological site in Bolivia that has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Its main part – the rock – is densely covered with a complex arrangement of terraces, platforms, water reservoirs, channels, and petroglyphs. The rapidly progressing erosion of the rock is making the petroglyphs less and less clear, and some are no longer recognisable. The main topic of this study is to indicate all risk factors conducive to erosion and to create risk maps identifying the most vulnerable areas that require immediate conservation intervention. Parallel mineralogical and petrographic studies show that the Samaipata rock is a quartz-rich, porous, well-sorted sandstone, classified as quartz arenite or subarcosic arenite. The cement of the rock is composed of quartz overgrowth and ubiquitous, pore-filling hematite-clay aggregates containing non-expanding kaolinite, illite, and expanding smectite. The rock exhibits different stages of weathering, from relatively fresh to strongly altered and heavily cracked. In comparison to fresh rock, the latter has cement enriched in clay minerals and is depleted in hematite due to weathering and the dissolution of the iron-bearing phase.

El Fuerte de Samaipata to wpisane na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO prehiszpańskie stanowisko archeologiczne w Boliwii. Jego główna część to skała ze złożonym układem tarasów, platform, zbiorników wodnych, kanałów i petroglifów. Szybko postępująca erozja sprawia, że petroglify stają się coraz mniej wyraźne, a niektóre nie są już rozpoznawalne. Głównym tematem badań jest wskazanie wszystkich czynników ryzyka sprzyjających erozji oraz stworzenie map ryzyka identyfikujących najbardziej wrażliwe obszary wymagające natychmiastowej interwencji konserwatorskiej. Badania mineralogiczne i petrograficzne wskazują, że Samaipata to bogaty w kwarc, porowaty, dobrze posortowany piaskowiec, sklasyfikowany jako arenit kwarcowy lub arenit subarkozowy. Spoiwo składa się z przerostu kwarcu i wszechobecnych, wypełniających pory agregatów hematytowo-gliniastych zawierających nierozprężający się kaolinit, illit i rozszerzający się smektyt. Skała wykazuje różne etapy wietrzenia, od stosunkowo świeżego do mocno zmienionego i mocno spękanego. W porównaniu ze świeżą skałą ta ostatnia ma cement wzbogacony w minerały ilaste i jest zubożona w hematyt z powodu wietrzenia i rozpuszczenia fazy żelazonośnej.

LIFE AND DEATH OF WINDMILLS IN CENTRAL POLAND: BETWEEN LOST HERITAGE AND THE HERITAGE OF MEMORY

100%

Piotrowski R., Prarat M., Mosakowski Z., Bartz W.

Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo

2024

vol. 12

issue 2

5 – 25

Windmills are one of the most complex human inventions of the pre-industrial era. Making use of wind energy to serve human needs was not only a miracle of architecture and technology: it produced silent witnesses of history – an important part of a rural landscape, local identity and folklore. Thanks to their multiple roles, windmills are useful research objects for scientists in various fields. In Poland the first written records of windmills date from the (many of them still fully operational) despite losses in the war. Today there are around 250 windmills under legal protection (around 70 of which were moved to open-air museums). This figure illustrates the vulnerability and progressive disappearance of Poland’s windmills. Despite the efforts made to protect this heritage, often the only remnants of such objects are the memories people living nearby. These memories join the present with the past, recall people and their work, and preserve the memory of an item. Windmills that have ceased to exist are still present in people’s collective remembering as a sum of their subjective experiences and impressions. In this paper, we decided to combine different approaches to the matter of heritage – both tangible and intangible. We argue for the importance of collecting recollections of ordinary people and interviews with eyewitnesses, as well as examples of institutional or private efforts made to protect windmills, to explain the equal value of both of these methods for preserving memories about the work and skills of millers – that is, the memory of a profession that was once a vital part of cultural identity.

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1 Architectus

1 Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo

2 Bartz W.

1 Dziedzic T.

1 Gąsior M.

1 Kościuk J.

1 Mosakowski Z.

1 Piotrowski R.

1 Prarat M.

1 2024

1 2020

Search results

Petrographic, mineralogical, and climatic analyses, and risk maps for conservation strategies

LIFE AND DEATH OF WINDMILLS IN CENTRAL POLAND: BETWEEN LOST HERITAGE AND THE HERITAGE OF MEMORY