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The article presents an overview of brain processes responsible for simple volitional motoric actions. These processes manifested in the form of readiness potential – a specific potential (registered by electroencephalography technique) appearing a moment before movement execution around vertex of the head. The article provides a detailed characteristic of this potential – it’s shape and dependence on the specification of tasks, as well as the exact location in the brain. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for such basic operations is the first step that needs to be taken in order to find an explanation of a more complex human behaviour.
PL
Artykuł stanowi przegląd wiedzy nad procesami mózgowymi odpowie- dzialnymi za proste wolicjonalne działania motoryczne. Procesy te manifestują się pod postacią potencjału gotowości – aktywności elektrycznej mózgu (rejestrowanej przez elek- troencefalograf) pojawiającej się na moment przed wykonaniem ruchu w okolicach czub- ka głowy. W artykule omówiona zostaje zarówno charakterystyka tego potencjału – jego kształt i zależność od warunków specyficznych dla wykonywanego zadania, jak również jego dokładniejsza lokalizacja mózgowa. Zrozumienie mechanizmów odpowiedzialnych za powstawanie najbardziej podstawowych działań jest pierwszym koniecznym do uczynienia krokiem na drodze do wyjaśnienia bardziej złożonych ludzkich zachowań.
PL
The problem of enclaves/enclaves in the theory of IR opens an interesting field of study, not only because of the actual phenomena and processes accompanying the formation of said entities, but also due to inaccuracies and variances in the very terms in use, especially in the field of public policy. The Kaliningrad Oblast is either an enclave (from the point of view of the EU, NATO, as well as Poland and Lithuania), or an exclave (from the point of view of the Russian Federation). The status of the region as perceived by the Western countries and organisations differs from the Russian standpoint. The Kaliningrad Oblast always would be a region of external influences of the West, an element of their foreign, security and economic policies, while for Russia Kaliningrad is a sphere of its domestic governance, although shaped by many international determinants resulting from its geographical location. This paper is aimed at examining public policy of the EU and neighbouring countries towards the Kaliningrad Oblast in the context of its specific geographical location and legal status. Possibilities of the region’s incorporation in the EU’s neighbourhood is also emphasized in the paper as an important factor affecting the position of the Kaliningrad Oblast.
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