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EN
The purpose of this article is to analyze the use of scandalization as a specific way of creating politicians’ image and attracting the attention of the public. In this context, the author has defined the concept of scandalization and identified reasons justifying the use of such mechanisms in politics. By the analysis of the careers of selected Polish politicians, the author has characterized the image of a scandalous person and identified the role of such people in the political arena. Moreover, he has distinguished and described four types of scandalization: discrediting, provocative, shocking, and involving a celebrity. By referring to this typology, the author has identified a number of general considerations to the use of scandalization mechanisms for self-aggrandizement and image creation.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza wykorzystania skandalizacji jako specyficznego sposobu kształtowania wizerunku oraz przyciągania uwagi widowni. W tym kontekście autor zdefiniował pojęcie skandalizacji oraz określił przesłanki uzasadniające wykorzystanie takich mechanizmów w polityce. Analizując kariery wybranych polskich polityków, scharakteryzował wizerunek skandalisty oraz określił rolę takich osób na scenie politycznej. Ponadto wyróżnił i opisał cztery rodzaje skandalizacji: dyskredytacyjną, prowokacyjną, bulwersującą, celebrycką. Odnosząc się do tej typologii, sprecyzował kilka ogólnych wyznaczników wykorzystania mechanizmów skandalizacji do autopromocji i kształtowania wizerunku.
EN
The article presents the results of an original study of the defense tactics against discreditation during presidential campaigns in Poland between 1990 and 2015. It argues that in the context of an attack, the response of the targeted candidate is essential for the success or failure of his campaign. Several examples of discreditation are presented and the tactics of the attacked candidate are analyzed and interpreted. The article makes an original contribution to the academic literature on public relations and political marketing by offering a new typology of the defense tactics against discreditation.
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