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Řečnické otázky v televizních diskusních pořadech

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Mrázková K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2010
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vol. 71
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issue 3
192-214
EN
The article analyzes the usage of so-called rhetorical questions in Czech televised debates about politics or other public topics such as culture. The author considers a rhetorical question to be an utterance which has the form of an interrogative, but whose communicative function is that of a statement, or – to be more exact – a statement which contains some personal commitment of the speaker, i.e. an opinion, argument, accusation, reproach, self-defense, etc. As the understanding of an utterance as a rhetorical question depends on its context, mainly on the knowledge the communicative partners share, the analysis focuses on the features of the context which are relevant for communicants in deciding whether an utterance is a rhetorical question or a genuine one. The analysis reveals that the rhetorical question is a common device used by both the guests and the hosts of these programs, even though the strict observance of the media debates’ rules should exclude using it. Contrary to the commonly-held opinion, which is also reflected in much of the literature, the analysis shows that there could be answers to rhetorical questions in a dialogue, and, in fact, an answer could even be required by the dialogue participants.
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Užívání trpných příčestí v současných veřejných dialogických projevech

100%
Mrázková K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2007
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vol. 68
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issue 1
3-22
EN
The Czech passive participle is often considered a bookish form whose usage is confined to written language, especially to technical and specialized literature. Czech speakers often use “the long form” of the respective deverbative adjective instead of the passive participle and they do so ever more frequently, not only when speaking but often also when writing in Literary Czech. This situation has been the subject of discussion by Czech linguists for decades. The article presents the findings of a research based on the DIALOG corpus, a large linguistic corpus of contemporary spoken Czech containing transcripts of TV political debates and talk shows. The research reveals that the past participle forms are comparatively frequent in the corpus analysed, while, in contrast, the alternative forms of the long deverbative adjective used in a manner which can be classified as non-standard or non-literary are rare. The results also partly confirm that the passive voice of perfective verbs is considerably more common than that of imperfective verbs, while on the other hand the instances of imperfective passive forms found in the corpus show that their use is fully appropriate. The last section deals with the relation of the use of passive participles to code-switching between Literary and Colloquial Czech.
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Co je řečnická otázka?

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Mrázková K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2010
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vol. 71
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issue 1
31-52
EN
The article summarizes various definitions of the so-called rhetorical question from the ancient rhetoric to the contemporary modern linguistic theories, in particular it is interested in the treatment of this phenomenon in the Speech Act Theory (known as the communicative function of the utterance in Czech linguistics) and in Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis. Despite being a very common means of communication in various speech genres, the rhetorical question has not received much attention to in linguistics literature, and its definitions vary considerably. The aim of the study is to find a definition of the rhetorical question which is applicable to the analyses of dialogue, particularly to the analysis of TV talk shows and political debates. Contrary to the commonly-held opinion, which is also reflected in much of the literature, the study shows that there could be answers to rhetorical questions in a dialogue, and, in fact, an answer could even be required by the dialogue participants. The understanding of an utterance as a rhetorical question depends on the knowledge the communicative partners share. But their presuppositions about the world could differ, hence varying reactions to a “would be” rhetorical question may occur in a dialogue.
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Znovuuvedení kritické analýzy diskurzu do českého prostředí

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Homoláč J., Mrázková K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2017
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vol. 78
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issue 3
237-253
EN
This article deals with the special issue of Studie z aplikované lingvistiky / Studies in Applied Linguistics 1/2015 devoted to Critical Discourse Analysis, particularly one of its approaches, i.e. Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA). The studies included in the issue, i.e. Wodak and Reisigl’s model study explicating the main concepts and analytical tools of DHA and four case studies by Czech linguists inspired by DHA, are reanalyzed. Drawing on this reanalysis, the disputable aspects of the textual analysis conducted in the spirit of DHA are identified as follows: 1) the individual steps in the analysis (the identification of topics in the discourse analyzed, the identification of discursive strategies and the analysis of linguistic means) are implemented separately, hence the choice of linguistic expressions as a means of argumentation is not exposed and the discursive strategies of nomination and predication are analyzed separately; 2) the analysis shifts back and forth between the micro-context and the macro-context without adequate substantiation and does not devote sufficient attention to individual linguistic means; 3) the identification of topoi or fallacies does not sufficiently capture the role of linguistic means in argumentation and its relationship to other discursive strategies.
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"S dovolením si na svém soukromém Twitteru budu dál psát, co chci" : míšení diskurzních praktik a identit v twitterových účtech českých novinářů a vyjednávání jejich soukromého charakteru

63%
Homoláč J., Mrázková K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2019
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vol. 80
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issue 4
243-264
EN
The paper analyzes discursive practices used by Czech journalists on their Twitter accounts declared as private and their various (professional and non-professional) identities presented there. It follows from the material analyzed that despite declaring their accounts as private the journalists often use them to spread mass media content and refer to themselves as journalists. The most important discursive practices typical of social media communication are – according to the presented research – implicit comments in tweets which are not intelligible without recipients’ sharing of the author’s knowledge and/or attitudes. The analyzed accounts are of a hybrid nature in its essence: the identities and practices typical of mass media communication and the ones characteristic of social media communication are intermixed both in stable parts of an account (e.g. bio refers to one’s professional identity and background image to his/her hobby) and in individual tweets (e.g. a journalist reproduces a mass media text and at the same time comments it just by an emoji). Having analyzed above mentioned identities and discursive practices, the authors investigate how journalists reflect on their own activities on Twitter and how they argue for the private status of their accounts in interactions with other Twitter users.
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Dosavadní výzkum oprav a zvláště sebeoprav jako inspirace pro výzkum syntaxe mluvené češtiny

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Homoláč J., Mrázková K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2018
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vol. 79
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issue 2
141-156
EN
The article provides an overview of two approaches to the issue of repairs, especially self-repairs. After summarizing the main findings of work done in Conversation Analysis, the authors focus on the “syntax of repair”, i.e. the body of research which, though inspired by Conversation Analysis, concentrates mostly on the relationship between practices of doing self-repair and the syntactic and morphological features of a given language. Drawing upon the existing findings and a preliminary analysis of their own data, the authors establish the following objectives for the research on self-repairs in spoken Czech: a) to set up an inventory of both verbal and non-verbal initiators of self-repairs in Czech and to describe their usage, and in the case of verbal initiators, to verify whether this usage is affected by other meanings of the given expression, b) to describe the basic operations used in doing self-repair in Czech, and c) to find out to what extent the scope and structure of the repair segment (i.e. whether and how much of the linguistic context of the repairable is repeated or possibly modified) are influenced by the morphosyntactic features of Czech.
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Jazyková regulace jako věc dohody

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Homoláč J., Mrázková K.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2011
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vol. 72
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issue 3
196-222
EN
This article, a review of Václav Cvrček’s book on language regulation and the Concept of Minimal Intervention (2008), focuses on four main issues. (1) For the most part, Cvrček deals with linguists’ intervention into language. He pays little attention to the intervention of individuals in real interactions. (2) In Cvrček’s opinion, linguists should not present the public with prescriptive codifications, but rather, with descriptive ones. However, there is a more important difference between a reference book, which is presented and/or perceived as an instruction for language behavior, and ahypothetically exhaustive description of a language or its varieties which is neither presented nor perceived as instructive. (3) The authors find the definitions of the concepts of “real” and “declarative” attitudes very problematic. (4) Language norms are wrongly equated with the declarative attitudes of speakers towards their language. However, language norms can be neither inferred solely from usage nor reduced to usage. Rather, they consist of language users’ awareness of the language and its usage, or a set of features of regularly used linguistic means and their combinations. Finally, the authors suggest several specific points which Czech linguists should agree upon before implementing possible regulatory changes into practice.
8
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Protetické v- mezi statistikou a rétorikou : K článku Vliv jazykových faktorů na užívání protetického v- v pražské mluvě

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Homoláč J., Mrázková K., Veroňková J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2016
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vol. 77
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issue 2
143-154
EN
This text is a critical response to Jan Chromý’s article “The influence of intralinguistic factors on the usage of prothetic v- in the Prague vernacular” (Slovo a slovesnost 76, 2015:21–38). Using methods from variationist sociolinguistics, Chromý made a significant contribution to the existing understanding of the intralinguistic factors influencing the usage of prothetic v-. In addition, he drew some conclusions about the impact of gender on the variable (v) and about linguistic change, asserting that the variant /v/ in the Prague vernacular is in decline. However, neither claim is justified by the findings presented in the article. The analyzed sample of speakers is too small to allow for generalizations regarding the correlation between gender and the use of the variable (v); moreover, Chromý does not take into consideration the high variability of prothetic v- use among individual female speakers. With regard to the supposed decline of prothetic v-, this conclusion is based on Chromý’s comparison between his own sample and Jančák’s research from the 1970s, but these samples are incomparable because the sociodemographic profiles of their informants differ. Chromý justifies this comparison according to the apparent time hypothesis, but, as we argue, the apparent time hypothesis cannot be successfully applied here.
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