A number of studies show that both children and adults exhibit difficulties with problem-solving tasks. In fact, only one-third of adults reach the formal operational stage. Coaching such tasks in everybody’s language proves to be helpful only if the situation described is close to life events. The presented study confirmed the improvement in the thematic version of the Wason Test both in pupils and university students, albeit being far from spectacular. The authors suggest distinguishing a bounded type of thinking characterized by highly schematic, mechanistic, and automated thinking. They argue that it results both in educational and everyday failures.
We examined a retrospective assessment of their parenting style and its relation to procrastination. Most studies focus on parents’ reports; therefore, we sought to determine how children see it. The association between parenting style and the behaviour of their offspring seems obvious. Nevertheless, reports on associations between parenting styles and procrastination raise questions. All the more so because procrastination results in academic and work failures, the disruption of family life, and mental and health problems. The target group encompassed 130 Polish high school students (92 girls and 38 boys), all aged 17, and came from middle-class families. We used two tests: the Parental Authority Questionnaire and the Pure Procrastination Scale. The correlation analysis did not confirm the relationship between procrastination and gender or the number of siblings. The study showed that parenting style is essential for children’s well-being, self-regulation, and academic achievements, which are closely linked to procrastination behaviours. The coupled parenting styles of both parents have a greater impact on children’s well-being, self-regulation, and academic achievements than the mother’s and father’s styles considered separately. It shows a need to offer parents support in the raising of their children, which should be taken into consideration by educators and policymakers.
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