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EN
The article is devoted to the 17th-century poet Bhushan, author of Śivarājabhūsana, a rītigranth most probably commissioned by the emerging Maratha ruler Shivaji Bhonsle. The existing histories of Hindi literature provide multiple accounts on the life of the poet, often calling them the hearsay tradition. Although many of them are drawn from a Maratha chronicle (bakhar), a proper study on the source of such accounts is still lacking. One more source that gives a chance to retrieve the curricula of Bhushan is Śivarājabhūṣaṇa, the only homogenic text that is attributed to the poet. The manuscripts and the editions of this text, especially the stanzas referring to the poet himself, do not show significant changes or interpolations. It allows us to treat it as a relatively reliable source, and therefore the treatise can serve as a basis for the reconstruction of the poet’s life and the circumstances of its composition. All portions of the text which refer to his biography are presented in order to provide complete data that can be drawn out of the internal evidence.
EN
The present article is focused on the notion of dāna and its use in Śivrājbhūṣaṇ, a late 17th-century rītigranth composed by Bhūṣaṇ in the court of Śivājī Bhoṃsle, shortly before the coronation. The ruler had it composed in Braj, a vernacular that had already risen to the status of a transregional language. The poem, which used to be reduced by literary historians to a simple panegyric, belongs to South Asian early modern court literature, the authors of which were explicitly manifesting their fixture in Sanskrit literary tradition and simultaneously fulfilled complex political agendas. The royal patronage infused the poetry with political essence, but the literary conventions dictated the ways in which the political substance should be weaved into the poems. Basing on the textual analysis of Bhūṣaṇ’s work, I draw attention to the high frequency and various ways of use of the notion of dāna by the poet. This aims to prove that poetical representation of royal generosity embodied in various practices of dāna—liberally put to display—was one of the major tools of validating, vitalizing and bolstering royal authority.
EN
One of many Western categories which prove to be unsuitable to South Asian evidence is the history of literature (meant as the history of a single language). With reference to the Hindi literary traditions, the logic of this concept created huge gaps. One of those (16th to 18th century) has been filled with the history of literatures written in genetically close but different languages. The problem is being solved by the most recent scholarship with the new concept of literary cultures which should replace the old category of the histories of one-language literatures. The extension and adaptation of the sociolinguistic concept of diglossia may provide a theoretical justification and a tool for such reform to be definitively undertaken and accepted by the scholars. This preliminary suggestion is offered after a selective sketch of the problems imposed by the linguistic variety in the area discussed.
XX
W XX wieku, jedną z głównych przyczyn wybuchu konfliktów zbrojnych była chęć posiadania surowców naturalnych. Angola, bogata w złoża ropy naftowej i diamentów stała się synonimem „afrykańskiej klątwy surowcowej”. W wyniku walk grup rebelianckich, które za wszelką cenę dążyły do przejęcia i utrzymania kontroli nad surowcami kraju, rozegrała się jedna z najkrwawszych i najdłuższych wojen II połowy XX wieku. Wskutek trwającej 41 lat wojny, jedno z najbogatszych surowcowo państw należy jednocześnie do najbiedniejszych na świecie. W przypadku Angoli nie można mówić tylko o jednej wojnie, a raczej o trzech – od walki antykolonialnej, poprzez konflikt typowo zimnowojenny, aż po krwawą wojnę domową, u której źródeł leżały zarówno spory ideologiczne, jak również (a może przede wszystkim) dążenie do zdobycia wyłącznej kontroli nad surowcami.
EN
This article is an attempt to identify history in an early modern text belonging to the Hindi literary tradition. The theoretical foundations that enable such a venture are to be found in the narrativist philosophy of history, since it afforded equal status to those discourses about the past which do not meet the narrow criteria of world-history. V. Rao, D. Shulman and S. Subrahmanyam, in their work on South India, proposed that an analysis of texture allows history to be identified in those compositions that do not belong to the Western tradition of historiography. It is worth verifying whether their method applies to other literary traditions of India. The same researchers undermined the legitimacy of talking about prose as the only possible way of writing history – by claiming that history is written in the dominant literary genre of a particular community, space and time. Their hypotheses are hereby confronted with passages from Bhūṣan’s Śivrājbhūṣaṇ (1673).
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