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EN
The paper presents the reform principles of the direct payments for the period 2014-2020. Against the background of the analysis of the direct payments’ evolution, it was found that its assumptions are broadly consistent with previous trends which assume the link of support with the fulfillment of standards for environmental protection. It was noted, however, that specific solutions in many places are contrary to care for the environment and, above all, can contribute to a reduce the production potential of European agriculture. In relation to microeconomic analysis, it was found that the assumptions of the proposed reforms may contribute to a reduction in agricultural income, at the same time more of their dependence on agricultural policy instruments. Despite this, it was concluded that for most of the analyzed groups will reasonable in economic terms to receive payments and adherence to the principles of the green component.
EN
The paper presents and analyses externalities, understood as external costs and public goods. Since their main feature is the lack of functioning markets, state intervention is necessary to mitigate the associated negative effects. The matter specifically relates to agriculture, which, due to the spatial nature of production and the use of industrial crop inputs, produces both external costs and public goods. Therefore, the paper concludes that conducting agricultural policy in this area is necessary. The Common Agricultural Policy of EU, despite the fact that it does not refer to the concept of externalities, is largely directed at reducing their negative effects. While acknowledging the validity of the solutions in this regard, possible problems in their actual implementation were also outlined, pointing mainly to a certain arbitrariness due to the lack of a price for public goods or the impossibility of estimating the value of agricultural external costs.
PL
W opracowaniu dokonano przedstawienia i analizy efektów zewnętrznych, rozumianych jako koszty zewnętrzne oraz dobra publiczne. Ze względu na to, że ich główną cechą jest brak funkcjonujących rynków, dla niwelowania związanych z nimi niekorzystnych skutków niezbędna jest interwencja państwa. Rzecz w sposób szczególny odnosi się do rolnictwa, które ze względu na przestrzenny charakter produkcji oraz stosowanie przemysłowych środków plonotwórczych wytwarza zarówno koszty zewnętrzne, jak i dobra publiczne. Dlatego też w artykule stwierdzono, iż prowadzenie polityki rolnej w tym obszarze jest niezbędne. Wspólna Polityka Rolna Unii Europejskiej, pomimo tego, że nie odwołuje się do pojęcia efektów zewnętrznych, w znacznej mierze nakierowana jest na redukcję ich niekorzystnych skutków. Uznając zasadność rozwiązań w tym zakresie, zarysowano także możliwe problemy w ich rzeczywistej implementacji, wskazując głównie na pewną arbitralność wynikającą z braku ceny na dobra publiczne czy braku możliwości oszacowania wartości rolniczych kosztów zewnętrznych.
EN
The paper deals with the topic of risk and uncertainty in the economy, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector. The goal of the study is to point out the essence of this phenomenon, highlighting the specific conditions of agriculture manifested in the fact that there is not only economic (mainly price) risk, but also natural one. It also noted that some threats and challenges to the agricultural sector are long-term and predictable, while others are in the nature of sudden events that cannot be predicted. The issues discussed were illustrated using polish Central Statistical Office and Eurostat data from 2018-2022, which referred to prices and price relations in Polish agriculture. Such a time scope was determined by the fact that recent years have been fraught with unfavourable phenomena that have affected agriculture with varying degrees of force, primarily disrupting price stability. However, unlike the COVID-19 pandemic, which did not significantly affect the agricultural sector, the war in Ukraine contributed to an increase in the price of energy, then other inputs, and ultimately agricultural products. These phenomena are particularly important in Polish agriculture, where the cost of chemical yield-forming agents (mainly fertilizers) are significant in comparison with other EU countries.
PL
W opracowaniu poruszono tematykę ryzyka i niepewności w gospodarce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sektora rolnego. Celem opracowania jest wskazanie na istotę tego zjawiska, przy podkreśleniu specyficznych uwarunkowań rolnictwa przejawiających się tym, że występuje w nim nie tylko ryzyko ekonomiczne (głównie cenowe), ale też przyrodnicze. Zwrócono również uwagę, że jedne zagrożenia oraz wyzwania dla sektora rolnego są długookresowe i przewidywalne, a inne mają charakter zdarzeń nagłych, których przewidzieć nie można. Omawiane zagadnienia zobrazowano z wykorzystaniem danych GUS oraz Eurostat z lat 2018-2022, które odnosiły się do cen oraz relacji cenowych w polskim rolnictwie. Taki zakres czasowy podyktowany został tym, że ostatnie lata obfitowały w niekorzystne zjawiska, które z różną siłą oddziaływały na rolnictwo, zakłócając przede wszystkim stabilność cen. W odróżnieniu jednak od pandemii COVID-19, która nie wpłynęła znacząco na sektor rolny, wojna w Ukrainie przyczyniła się do wzrostu cen energii, następnie innych środków produkcji, a finalnie produktów rolniczych. Zjawiska te mają szczególne znaczenie w polskim rolnictwie, gdzie koszty chemicznych środków plonotwórczych (głównie nawozów) są znaczące na tle innych krajów UE.
EN
This paper assesses the diversity of directions for use of direct payments in different types of individual farms. The questionnaire surveys were performed on 295 farms located in dif-ferent parts of the country. Analysed farms were divided into groups according to the amount direct support received. Based on the survey concluded that in all analysed groups the largest share of direct payments is spent on the purchase of means of production. The smallest farms also spend to a high extent, the money on household purposes (20.5%) and the largest ones to finance the investment (17.7%).
EN
The paper presents the results of research carried out with the help of questionnaires and concerning difficulties in applying for direct payments and access to information about this form of assistance. The research covered a group of farms that receive direct payments and also use EU investment support. The conducted analyzes have proved that the process of applying for direct payments is being assessed by the majority of farmers as relatively simple and that access to the necessary information is considered to be relatively easy. It has been established that differences in the respondents' opinions can be attributed chiefly to disparities in both the level of education and the production potentials. Activities connected with the process of applying for direct payments have been assessed as minimally troublesome by farmers having higher education and operating relatively large farms characterized by a high value of sales. The same group of respondents also expressed the most favorable opinions about the availability of information on the individual aspects of the functioning of the system of direct assistance.
EN
The paper presents the results of surveys conducted among farmers from Wielkopolska region. They concerned the identification of needs in terms of technological and economic advisory. Respondents declared their strong interest in gaining knowledge in the field of production technology, particularly in the direction of the dominant production in their farms. Economic advisory, despite the objectively great importance has not been recognized by the majority of farmers consider important. This status indicates a need to modify the approach to economic issues by advisory organizations.
EN
The aim of the article was to determine the specificity of farms benefiting from various forms of support under the second pillar of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. This study established, that investments meeting UE standards were carried out mainly in smaller farms with intense production and a big role of livestock production. Modernization was performed with large farms, a relatively small labour resources. Entities that did not have adequate production potential, or used it inefficiently, benefited from other forms of EU assistance.
EN
The paper focuses on the analysis of the changes in the production potential of Polish farms after implementing CAP mechanisms (2004-2011). Two criteria were used to share the farms: investment activity and economic size. Only those farms were selected, which continuously conducted the agricultural accounting FADN system in 2004--2011. Based on the analysis it was found that in the base period, farms making the most complex investments (supported by EU funds or financed on the basin of own financial resources), had greater production potential – in the matter of area and volume of assets. The investment activities contributed to the increase in disparities between groups of farms. Especially the non-investment farms were able to preserve the area of agricultural land, but the value of their assets was significantly reduced.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zmiany potencjału produkcyjnego polskich gospodarstw rolnych w okresie poakcesyjnym (lata 2004-2011), wydzielonych na podstawie dwóch kryteriów: aktywności inwestycyjnej oraz klasy wielkości ekonomicznej. Dane do analiz pochodziły z podmiotów, które nieprzerwanie w latach 2004-2011 prowadziły rachunkowość rolniczą w systemie FADN. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz stwierdzono, że już w okresie bazowym gospodarstwa dokonujące najbardziej kompleksowych inwestycji (kompleksowość określono na podstawie relacji sumy wydatków inwestycyjnych do średniorocznej wielkości aktywów), zarówno wspieranych funduszami UE, jak i wykonywanych w oparciu o inne środki finansowe, charakteryzowały się większym potencjałem produkcyjnym, zarówno w rozumieniu areału, jak i wielkości aktywów. Wykonane w badanym okresie działania inwestycyjne przyczyniły się do wzrostu dysproporcji w stosunku do innych podmiotów, w tym szczególnie do gospodarstw nieinwestujących, które były w stanie utrzymać swoją bazową powierzchnię, lecz wartość ich majątku na skutek amortyzacji uległa znacznemu zmniejszeniu.
EN
The article presents the results of research launched to define the effects that some of the essential changes in the system of direct payments, proposed by the European Commission, may have for the economic situation of the agricultural sector and for individual groups of farms after 2013. The conducted research has made it possible to establish that the necessity to exclude part of the farmland from cultivation and to destine it for ecological purposes will be that element of the planned changes that is going to produce the most serious effects. The influence of this instrument will be relatively weak in relation to the agricultural sector as a whole but it may contribute to a fall in incomes predicted in accordance with a simulation of their level for 2013, especially in the case of intensive and economically largest farms. The duty to exclude a part of the land from production to be imposed on all farms larger than 3 ha will also contribute to a reduction in the production potential and to the upsetting of spatial order, without producing any major pro-environmental effect. Another of the analyzed elements of reform – capping, which consists in the limitation of payments to the largest farms, will not, however, cause – with the exception of a few very large farms, any serious worsening in the economic situation of these entities owing to the possibility of deducting the cost of labor.
EN
This article presents the changes taking place on the undeveloped agricultural property market in Poland in 2009-2019. The study presents the general characteristics of the agricultural real estate market, its conditions, including primarily legal regulations. The analyses carried out were based on several basic variables such as land price, land area and transaction value. The research were conducted on a national and regional scale. It was noted that after the Act of 14 April 2016 came into force, the area of the properties sold decreased, while their price increased. The greatest dynamics of the analysed phenomena were characteristic for regions with high agricultural culture, including mainly the Wielkopolska region.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy sytuacji na rynku nieruchomości rolnych niezabudowanych w Polsce w latach 2009-2019. W opracowaniu została przedstawiona ogólna charakterystyka rynku nieruchomości rolnych, jego uwarunkowania, w tym przede wszystkim regulacje prawne. Przeprowadzone analizy opierały się na kilku podstawowych zmiennych, takich jak cena gruntów, ich areał oraz wartość transakcji. Badania wykonano w skali kraju oraz województw. Zauważono, iż po wejściu w życie ustawy z dnia 14 kwietnia 2016 roku zmalała powierzchnia sprzedawanych nieruchomości, wzrosła natomiast ich cena. Największą dynamiką badanych zjawisk cechowały się przy tym województwa o wysokiej kulturze rolnej, w tym głównie województwo wielkopolskie.
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