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EN
In the light of art. 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, the nation as a sovereign has the right to steer the state’s policy, express an opinion on governing of the state, as well as codecide with the state organs in the governing process. The nation is a source of power and may assume the role of an arbitrator in conflict situations between constitutional state organs but also in disputes between the subjects of the political scene, which is reflected in the targeting of the activities of public authorities according to the will expressed via a referendum. Due to the introduction of the principle of nation sovereignty in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, it seemed that a nationwide referendum was bound to become an important instrument allowing the expression of opinions and formulation of decisions by the sovereign.
EN
The authors analyse the problem of the nature of the substitution of the President of the Republic of Italy. This issue is loosely regulated in the Italian Constitution and for this reason there are some practical doubts in interpretation. President’s permanent incapacity is not specifically defined by the constitutional provisions and that is why in some cases it is difficult to duly ascertain and declare the permanent incapacity. Should the President be unable to perform his duties, they shall be carried out by the Speaker of the Senate, however powers and duties of the Speaker are not defined. The authors argue that the Italian doctrine of constitutional law has significantly improved regulatory framework and the legal practice.
PL
Autorzy analizują problem zastępstwa Prezydenta Republiki Włoskiej. Kwestia ta została bardzo lakonicznie uregulowana w przepisach Konstytucji Włoch, co spowodowało powstanie istotnych wątpliwości interpretacyjnych. Wiele problemów stworzyło przede wszystkim doprecyzowanie pojęcia „trwałej przeszkody”, o której mowa w konstytucyjnych przepisach, a także określenie procedury zadeklarowania jej zaistnienia. Niejasna jest również pozycja ustrojowa oraz zakres uprawnień Przewodniczącego Senatu sprawującego funkcję zastępcy głowy państwa. Autorzy stoją jednak na stanowisku, że doktryna włoskiego prawa konstytucyjnego i praktyka ustrojowa całkiem dobrze i wyczerpująco z tymi problemami sobie poradziły.
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