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EN
The aim of conducting research was to investigate how naive reasoners draw inferences from three premises presented one at a time on a computer screen. According to the mental model theory of reasoning those orders of the premises that call for construction of multiple models should be harder that orders calling for a single model that is only updated with the information from subsequent premises. This prediction was corroborated by means of both accuracy and reaction times in the experiment in which participants were free to draw their own conclusions. It also turned out that drawing conclusions from disjunction inferences with a positive categorical was more difficult that drawing conclusions from inferences with a positive categorical. Also inferences containing two disjunctions proved to be harder than disjunction and conditional inferences.
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EN
This paper deals with the problem of the so-called universal reasoning theory. First it presents two theories that claim to be universal in describing reasoning. Both are built on the algorithmic level what means that they have to specify the nature of mental symbols and the processes that operate upon them. The protagonists of the historically first theory, the mental rule theory, claim that reasoning requires building mental proofs for given arguments. Such proofs are syntactic in nature, and their steps resemble the use of rules known from courses on formal logic. The protagonists of the second theory say that reasoning consists of building mental models (hence the name: mental model theory) that correspond to different possibilities that may happen given the truth of the premises. Both theories seem to account for reasoning processes on the universal level, and yet this claim is too broad for both of them. As noted by Roberts (1993) both theories omit the problem of individual differences. However, the study of individual differences might shed a new light on the rules vs. model debate and provide important new data on the reasoning processes described on both algorithmic and higher levels (e. g. Anderson's rational level).
EN
The main aim of the article is to compare the impact of holographic and traditional advertising on such elements of consumer behaviour as emotions, cognitive evaluation, purchase intention and price sensitivity of the presented product. A historical overview of the processes of creating images and advertisements with a holographic effect is also presented. The results of the conducted research clearly show that holographic advertising evokes much stronger positive emotions to the presented brands and products than traditional advertising in the form of a 2D poster. It is similar in the case of purchase intention – holographic advertising causes consumers to show a much higher willingness to purchase the product compared to those consumers who were presented with the traditional version of the advertisement. In the case of price sensitivity, studies have shown that holographic advertising lulls the vigilance of consumers by strongly weakening this sensitivity. Consumers are willing to pay more for the advertised product compared to people who were presented with the same product in the form of a poster.
PL
Podstawowym celem artykułu jest porównanie wpływu reklamy holograficznej i tradycyjnej na takie elementy zachowań konsumenckich, jak: emocje, ocena poznawcza, intencja zakupu i wrażliwość cenowa prezentowanego produktu. Przedstawiono także rys historyczny procesów tworzenia obrazów i reklam z efektem holograficznym. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań jednoznacznie pokazują, że reklama holograficzna budzi znacznie silniejsze pozytywne emocje do prezentowanych marek i produktów niż reklama tradycyjna w formie plakatu 2D. Podobnie jest w przypadku intencji zakupu – reklama holograficzna powoduje, że konsumenci wykazują znacznie wyższą chęć dokonania zakupu produktu w porównaniu z tymi konsumentami, którym przedstawiono tradycyjną wersję reklamy. W odniesieniu do wrażliwości cenowej badania wykazały, że reklama holograficzna „usypia czujność” konsumentów poprzez silne osłabienie tej wrażliwości. Konsumenci są gotowi zapłacić więcej za reklamowany produkt w porównaniu z osobami, którym prezentowano ten sam produkt w formie plakatu.
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