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PL
Przebaczenie ma długą historię rozważań na polu filozofii i teologii, zwłaszcza teologii chrześcijańskiej. W psychologii wzrost zainteresowania problematyką przebaczenia datuje się na koniec lat 80. XX wieku. Miało ono swoje źródło przede wszystkim w praktyce klinicznej. Psychologowie praktycy dostrzegli możliwość zastosowania przebaczenia w terapii osób skrzywdzonych, zwłaszcza ofiar nadużyć seksualnych, kazirodztwa i przemocy domowej. Badacze poczynili z kolei postępy w definiowaniu i pomiarze przebaczenia, a także w eksploracji jego predyktorów i funkcji w obszarze dobrostanu oraz jakości życia. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest ukazanie zjawiska przebaczenia w perspektywie psychologicznej. Część pierwsza zawiera przegląd definicji przebaczenia wypracowanych na obszarze psychoterapii, psychologii pastoralnej, psychologii społecznej i rozwojowej. Następnie przedstawiono psychologiczne modele przebaczenia oraz metody jego pomiaru. Ostatnia część zawiera omówienie niektórych rezultatów badań nad psychospołecznymi korelatami przebaczenia oraz jego związkiem ze wskaźnikami zdrowia psychicznego i dobrostanu.
EN
In philosophy and theology, in particular Christian theology, the notion of forgiveness has been discussed since a long time ago. In psychology, the increase in interest in forgiveness is dated back to the end of the 80’s of the 20th century. It had its origins in the clinical practice. On  one hand, practitioners of psychology noticed that it is possible to apply forgiveness in the therapy of those who were wronged, in particular those who fell victim to sexual abuse, incest and domestic violence. Researchers of psychology, on the other hand, took steps to define and measure forgiveness, and to explore its predictors and functions in the area of well-being and the quality of life. The aim of the present research is showing forgiveness from the psychological perspective. The first part includes the overview of definitions of forgiveness elaborated within psychotherapy, pastoral psychology, social psychology and developmental psychology. Next, the authors presented psychological models of forgiveness and methods of its measurement. The last part includes the preview of certain results of research on psychological-social correlates of forgiveness and on its relationship with the indicators of mental health and well-being.
EN
The monastic formation is a process of shaping the competence of living a monastic life in which religiousness is a motivating factor. Shaping the competence accentuates the progressive aspect of the formation process – the system of changes leading to a higher quality of monastic life. However, the phases of specific lack of adaptation of the person to external formation structures, i.e. experience of crisis can also be observed in the formation dynamics. The subject of the presented research is looking for personality correlates of crisis, analysis of interrelations between crisis and the change of oneself which is experienced in the formation process and the characteristics of the ways of coping with crisis during formation. Women practicing the monastic formation in female orders (N=226), aged between 19 and 30 years (M=23,68) constitute the study group. Following methods were applied in the research: The Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) by P.T. Costa and R.R. Mc Crae, The Adjective Check List (ACL) by H.G. Gough i A.B. Heilbrun, and the Scale for Studying the Monastic Formation by B. Zarzycka. The research demonstrated the presence of crises during the monastic formation. The most common are crises of trust in people, in vocation and in values. Personality does not constitute a considerable predictor of the experience of crisis – solely the agreeableness scale differentiated the groups. Crisis is a factor which decreases significantly the intensity of the change of oneself experienced during the monastic formation.
EN
The present paper is aimed at presenting selected psychological factors which may facilitate formation to the priesthood and those which may hinder seminary formation and the subsequent life of the priest. I separated two potential sources of hindrances: factors of a psychological nature and traits of personality. I proved that deficiencies in religious life and lack of support in the priestly com-munity are the reason of high anxiety and depressive states in clergy. As for per-sonality, I indicated emotional instability, introvertive tendencies, high selfreli-ance and autonomy, difficulties in accepting authority and inclination to dissimu-lation – as factors which hinder the fulfillment of vocation to the priesthood.
EN
Theoretical and empirical prerequisites suggest that cognitive structures, therein self-awareness, demonstrate connections with religiousness. The whole spectrum of statements, even among classical scholars of psychology, can be found in psychological analyses devoted to religiousness issues. They range from those stressing that the man reaches a complete self-awareness only in the transcendental act of contact with God, to those indicating that religious experience is caused merely by a well-developed self-awareness. The presented research touches upon issues concerning the cognitive correlates of religiousness. The subject of study were connections between types of relation to God and self-awareness, defined as a course of processing information about self and about relations with the environment. The study group comprises women who belong to monastic societies (N=110), aged between 22 and 31 years (M=26,43; SD=2,49), with 4- up to 9-year experience of living in the order. The Self-awareness Scale by Z. Zaborowski and the Scale of Relation to God by D. Hutsebaut were applied in the study. The empirical research verified the preliminarily formulated research hypothesis, indicating the presence of statistically significant connections between the self-awareness type and religiousness. External self-awareness demonstrates the strongest connection with religiousness, whereas personal self-awareness - the weakest.
PL
Przedmiotem prezentowanego artykułu jest analiza zależności między wsparciem, zmaganiem religijnym i jakością życia mężczyzn uzależnionych od alkoholu po uwzględnieniu moderacji przez czas abstynencji. Przebadano 100 mężczyzn, należących do grupy wsparcia Anonimowych Alkoholików (AA). Zastosowano Skalę Pocieszenia i Napięcia Religijnego Yali, Exline, Wood i Worthington oraz Kwestionariusz Jakości Życia Schalocka i Keitha. Analiza korelacji wykazała, że Pocieszenie religijne korelowało dodatnio, a Lęk-wina i Negatywne emocje względem Boga ‒ ujemnie z jakością życia AA. Odnotowano również moderujący efekt długości abstynencji na zależność między religijnością i jakością życia AA: osoby z długim okresem abstynencji i wysoką umiejętnością czerpania wsparcia z religii miały najwyższe wskaźniki jakości życia.
EN
The aim of the study was to analyze the connection between religious comfort and struggle and quality of life in Alcoholics Anonymous. The interaction effect of the length of abstinence and religious variables on the quality of life was tested as well. The participants were 100 members of an Alcoholics Anonymous group. We used the Religious Comfort and Strain Scale by Yali, Exline, Wood, and Worthington and the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adults by Schalock and Keith. The correlation analysis showed that Religious Comfort correlated positively while fear–guilt and negative emotions towards God correlated negatively with quality of life in the AA group. Duration of abstinence played a moderating role: participants in the long abstinence period group with high religious comfort showed the highest level of quality of life.
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Oblicza psychologii religii w Polsce

51%
PL
Zjawisko religijności jest coraz częściej eksplorowane przez przedstawicieli różnych dyscyplin naukowych. Szczególnie dostrzegalne jest to w obszarze psychologii religii. Problematyka religijności człowieka zyskuje także coraz większe zainteresowanie wśród polskich badaczy. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje główne trendy obrazujące rozwój zainteresowania zjawiskiem religijności na terenie psychologii. Uwzględniono tu zarówno kontekst światowy, jak i polski. Dodatkowo w skrócie zostały opisane artykuły składające się na niniejszy numer specjalny Roczników Psychologicznych, który został poświęcony zagadnieniom opisywanym przez polskich psychologów zainteresowanych zjawiskiem religijności człowieka.
EN
The phenomenon of religiosity is increasingly often explored by representatives of various scientific disciplines. This is particularly noticeable in the field of the psychology of religion. The issues of human religiosity have been attracting an increasing amount of interest among Polish scholars. The present article presents the main trends illustrating the development of interest in the phenomenon of religiosity in the field of psychology. Both Polish and international contexts are considered. Additionally, the papers included in the special issue of Roczniki Psychologiczne (Annals of Psychology) are outlined. The special issue is devoted to the problems addressed by Polish psychologists interested in the phenomenon of human religiosity.
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