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The attempt to establish the place of the so-called 'simple language' in the system of linguistic communication of the Poles living in Latvia. From the field research in Latgalia

100%
Ostrowka M.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2005
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vol. 29
195-211
EN
An attempt was made in this study to establish the place of the 'simple language' in the system of linguistic communication of the Poles residing in Latvia. The materials were derived from the texts written down in Latgalia, Latvia, within the framework of the project initiated by Bjorn Wiemer from the University of Konstanz, whose objective was the specify the area of occurrence of the 'simple language' within the entire area of the borderland's Polish language. On the basis of the interviews made in 17 settlements, mostly with persons who declared their Polish origin, it was stated that the 'simple language' occurs in Latgalia in the borderline area, along the Latvian-Lithuanian and Latvian-Belarusian borders. The further to the north, the weaker the reach of the said 'simple language', which is the language of the rural population. In the majority of cases, it is a family language which is also used among the neighbors. In the said regions, the Polish language is the 'sacrum' language, i.e. the language of prayers and religious service. All respondents could speak the Russian language, (at least its colloquial, informal version). The older generation does not understand the Latvian language. Only the people who studied in the Latvian schools can use the Latvian language. The knowledge of the Latgalia dialect is minimal.
2
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The Names of Degrees of Relationship in the Polish Dialect of Latvia

100%
Ostrowka M.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2006
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vol. 30
453-469
EN
The purpose of the work is to present the names of degrees of relationship within family that are used in the active layer of the lexicon of Poles in Latvia as well as to find whether, and if so, to what degree, those names differ from the names that function in the general contemporary Polish language. The material was analysed by: (1) defining the designation and studying of names referring to it; (2) defining the name and studying the designations that it designates. Also, the cognitive approach was applied - diachronic findings that referred to the Polish language and Baltic and Eastern Slavonic languages were compared to synchronic ones, and those in turn were compared to the findings of research in Latvia. Thus each entry in the study is bi-bipartite - at first, a short etymology of the name is given, next examples from the Latvian Polish are given together with the context and, inasmuch as it is possible, their Baltic and Eastern Slavonic equivalents follow. The work includes also the basic entries from the dictionary for the degrees of relationship (for instance, 'pokrewienstwo rodzinne' (same blood -family relationship), 'powinowactwo rodzinne' (spouse originating family relationship), 'pokrewienstwo pelne i niepelne' (full and partial family relationship)), as well as features associated with the names of degrees of relationship (relativism, correlativism, supletivism, constancy, and universality).The analysis brings forth the following conclusions: - the names of family relationships that are in use among Poles in Latvia are in most cases identical with those used in the general Polish; sometimes phonetic differences occur (for example, pronunciation of the soft l in every position – 'adul'a', semi-soft consonants - s', z', c'), also some morphological differences occur (for instance, the ending of instrumentalis singularis 'z mamoj' instead of 'z mama' ); - some of them are innovations introduced to the Polish language under the Eastern Slavonic influence - 'dziadzia' in place of 'wujek' (uncle), 'papa' - in lieu of tata; - most of those names constitute the common Indo-European heritage - from the domain of the tribal period based on matriarchal system the following names are derived: 'matka' (mother), 'ojciec' (father), 'brat' (brother), 'syn' [son); and others, such as: 'dziecko' (child), 'rodzice' (parents) come from later periods, hence difference between the roots of Polish names and, for instance, Lithuanian or Latvian names.
3
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Polish language in the East Belarus. The sociolinguistic situation and remarks about language of Stajsk and Vesolovo

63%
Ostrowka M., Janowiak M.
Acta Baltico-Slavica
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2007
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vol. 31
175-198
EN
Stajsk and Wesolowo are villages in Belarus mainly inhabited by the Poles. They came into being as a result of the latest migration of the Polish country-folk at the beginning of the XX century. Polish peasants came to Belarus from the provinces of Radom, Kalisz, Piotrków, Lublin and Siedlce. In the interwar period the language used at homes and the language of prayer in every Polish family was a dialect brought from the Polish ethnic territories. They talked in Belarussian with their Belarussian neighbours (in a local dialect). After the WW II a disintegration of the Polish community occurred - the children and grandchildren of our informants attended Russian and Belarussian schools, mixed marriages were more and more common. This resulted in the disconnection of the Polish continuum in the middle generation - the grandchildren and great-grandchildren of our informants know the speech of their forefathers only passively. They are usually Russian-speaking. In the sphere of the sacred there are two languages used - the personal prayer and the confession in Polish, the service is officiated in Belarussian (by the priests from Poland). The Poles communicate in the local Belarussian dialect with their neighbours - Belarussians. The Polish language of our informants remains a well preserved dialect brought from the ethnic territories. It is confirmed by numerous phonetic or morphological features and the vocabulary. As far as the phonetic features are concerned these are: the labialization of the vowels 'o' and 'u'; the narrowing 'o>ó'; the remains of the existence of oblique 'a - aN > u'; the narrowing of the oblique 'a > o'; the narrowing of oblique 'e e > i/y'; the remains of pronouncing alveolar consonants as dental ones 'duzo, scypek, cforo'; the remains of preserving the hard 'l': 'xlyp, f cybuly'. The Poles from Stajsk and Wesolowo possessed a variety of East Slavic features, e.g.: soft 'l', voiced 'h': prohrama, hektar; pronouncing - 'a' in the place of '-o' and the lexicon concerning the soviet reality and economy: kolchoz, sowchoz, sielsawiet; the everyday life: duxofka, davlene, balnica, etc.
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