Celem artykułu jest opisanie i ocena jakościowa najistotniejszych zmian w ustawie o podatku dochodowym od osób prawnych w latach 2012–2017. Dotyczy to zmian, które mają na celu przeciwdziałanie unikaniu opodatkowania. Stąd w tekście znalazły się zmiany odnośnie: (a) objęcia ustawą CIT spółek komandytowo-akcyjnych, (b) opodatkowania dochodów z zagranicznych spółek kontrolowanych, (c) opodatkowania dochodu przerzucanego na podmiot powiązany i obowiązku sporządzania dokumentacji cen transakcyjnych, (d) ograniczania potrącalności w ramach kosztów uzyskania przychodów odsetek (interest limitation rule, poprzednio thin capitalisation), (e) „przychodowego” podatku od nieruchomości komercyjnych, (f ) ograniczeń w zaliczaniu do kosztów uzyskania przychodów określonych usług niematerialnych i praw majątkowych, (g) zmiany przepisów o podatkowej grupie kapitałowej, (h) regulacje dotyczące kosztów uzyskania przychodów wie- rzytelności nieściągalnych.
EN
The main aim of the article is to present and assess the quality of the most significant amendments in the Corporate Income Tax Act in the period 2012–2017. Selected amendments are connected with counteracting of tax avoidance. Therefore, the text includes changes about: (a) taxation of income of partnership limited by shares (SKA), (b) taxation of income from foreign controlled companies, (c) taxation of income transferred to a related entity and obligation to prepare transfer price documentation, (d) exclusion from deductible costs expenditures connected with debt financing (interest limitation rule), (e) “income tax” on commercial real estates, (f ) restrictions on recognizing certain intangible services and property rights as a tax deductible costs, (g) new provisions connected with tax capital group, (h) regulations regarding the costs of non-performing loans.
Data in Polish graduate tracking system (ELA) allow to analyze how alumni are prepared to fulfill the employment market needs. The data range among other, lets to point differences between types of studies, especially between university offering the same faculty. In the article situation in reference to the graduates of law faculty of 2018 in a year after graduation is described. The results presented show that alumni of who started to work already during studying are performing better: they find a job faster, they get higher salaries. In the whole group of law alumni which was analyzed 28,37% experienced unemployment, however in the group who was working already during studying it was less (14,57%). In case of non-stationary studies unemployed rate is lower and it was 17,56% (group with work experience from university studying time 16,61%).
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