This paper collects and analyzes ancient sources that refer to Pythagoras of Samos as the founder of physiognomy. Interest in physiognomy, which deals with the relationship between the body and the spirit, has become more popular over the last few years; however, many aspects of research into the topic are still obscure and worthy of further study. Physiognomy was assumed by ancient authors to be the method by which candidates were selected to enter the Pythagorean community, used by the Greek philosopher and his followers. Information about Pythagoras, who – by simply looking at somebody – could recognize their character appears, in the works of Aulus Gellius, Hippolytus, Porphyry, Iamblichos, Proclos and Olympiodorus. Apart from discussing testimonia about Pythagoras and his physiognomic examinations, the text explores the role of physiognomy during the selection process for the Pythagorean community in order to provide a better understanding of elite traditions within society. The paper also supplies further insight with regards to the methodology behind physiognomical surveys, which were popular during antiquity.
This paper analyses the description of Zenobia’s appearance in the Historia Augusta (HA Tyr. Trig. 15.8, 30.15). Descriptions of what the rulers mentioned in Historia Augusta looked like have yet to be comprehensively researched. Most articles focus on general remarks about their authorship and the similarities to the work of Suetonius, with no attempt being made to analyse specific descriptions as a separate topic. Thus, individual features of Zenobia’s physiognomy have so far not been discussed in published literature concerning the Palmyrene queen. Her appearance is in several respects identical to that of Diadumenian (HA Dd. 3.2–3), which tells us a lot about the creation of the passages by the editor of the Historia Augusta. Moreover, what has not been noticed in the literature before is that Zenobia's appearance resembles that of Giddenis, a woman from one of Plautus' comedies (Pl. Poen. 1112–1113). Therefore, this article is not only important with regards to research concerning the female body in antiquity, but it also draws attention to the previously unexplored influence of Plautus on the Historia Augusta.
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