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1

ON THE PROBLEM OF BLUDGEONS FROM THE PERIOD OF THE AVAR KHAGANATE (K problematike bijakov z obdobia avarskeho kaganatu)

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Zabojnik J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 1
169-182
EN
The paper deals with occurrence of pear-, ball- or egg-shaped artefacts made of the antler or bone. In Russian scientific literature the term 'kisten' is used for its description. It is a part of striking weapon, in which movable joining of head and handle is used to increase the striking effect. Strokes are heavier and defence is more difficult than from stave and mace. Comparing with sword, mace or war hammer, impact force is not transmitted to the handle. The shield protection against strokes is problematic, too. Another advantage is that its head on the chain can wrap around the enemy's weapon. Ensuing swift movement backwards pulls the weapon out of his hands. In the Slovak scientific literature the term 'bijak' is used for this weapon, which occurs in horseman's graves from the Period of the Avar Khaganate. That's why its single-handed variant is hypothesized to exist. Majority of bludgeons can be dated to the late phase of the Period of the Avar Khaganate. In addition to another phenomena and artefacts that existed at the Khaganate territory in this period, occurrence of bludgeons proves intensive contacts between the Carpathian Basin and the Saltovo-Mayaki culture, where this type of weapon appears rather frequently.
2

ON THE PROBLEM OF SPATIAL RELATION BETWEEN CEMETERY AND SETTLEMENT AREA IN THE AVAR KHAGANATE PERIOD IN SOUTHERN SLOVAKIA (K problematike priestoroveho vztahu medzi pohrebiskom a sidliskovym arealom v obdobi avarskeho kaganatu na ..Slovensku)

100%
Zabojnik J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 2
269-292
EN
The study presents results of the analyses of spatial relations between a settlement and cemetery that pertains to it. Six pairs of those situated in lowland regions of western and central Slovakia (Cifer-Pac, Komarno, Obid, Prsa, Radvan nad Dunajom-Zitava and Sala) were evaluated. The sites were fixed in maps with the scale of 1:10 000, on satellite snaps, aerial photography and in the maps of the second Austrian-Hungarian military surveying. Description of the site pairs is ensued by characterization of contemporary eco-parameters. These could be divided into unchanging (geographic position, geologic and pedologic characteristics, altitude, location of a cemetery in relation to the settlement), changing (distance from a water source, ground water level, climatic specificities) and other eco-parameters (vegetation characteristics). The distance between a settlement and pertaining burial ground was evaluated as well. Following theses are representing summary of the analyses and their outcomes: - Choice of a place for settlement is to the greatest degree determined by water source vicinity. - The existence of even small elevation in the settlement proximity is relevant to become a place of eternal rest of the dead. - The elevation is situated rather close to the settlement. This is conditioned by need of visual contact with graves and by safe transport of the dead as well. - Elevation used as a cemetery has its practical function as bottoms of deepest graves had to be situated higher than was a ground water level. - The location of the cemetery is not conditioned by its orientation toward the settlement. In the end, the model is applied to the Avar Khaganate period and then compared to situations in other prehistoric, proto-historic and early medieval periods. In general we can state that characteristics are very similar. The finding that the distance between a settlement area and adjacent cemetery used to be rather small - from the immediate vicinity to 500 m in maximum - is significant.
3

NEW SETTLEMENT FINDS FROM NIZNA MYSLA. ON THE PROBLEM OF EARLY SLAVIC SETTLEMENT IN THE UPPER TISA REGION. (Nove sidliskove nalezy z Niznej Mysle. K problematike vcasnoslovanskeho osidlenia horneho Potisia)

51%
Fusek G., Olexa L., Zabojnik J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 2
337-363
EN
A rescue excavation on the area of a transit gas line construction was realised within two seasons at Nizna Mysla, Alamenev position. The site is a multicultural finding place with the focus of settlement during the Late Roman or the Migration period. The study presents early-Slavic finds, beginnings of which came back to the Migration period. They are remains of a pit-house and fragments of vessels that were found in settlement layers. The pottery finds are analysed from the point of view of their production and morphology, with metric data taken into consideration too. Based on the above-mentioned analyses, the pottery fragments from the pit-house are dated to the oldest I. phase of the Prague culture; the finds from the layers are dated to the same period or to the younger II. phase of the Prague culture in the Carpathian basin. Together with finds from the Zdana settlement they are unambiguous representatives of presence of Slavic communities with the Prague culture pottery in the area of Kosice basin that is a geographic part of the upper Tisa region. Relation of the Slavs with Germanic communities and chronological connections of the Slavic settlement with the Avar Khaganate are the topic of consideration. In present, however, no apposite finds or results of the scientific dating methods are available, which could precise the absolute chronology of finds of the time period ranging from the 470s to the year 567/568. Analysis of the Germanic settlement of eastern Slovakia at the end of the Migration period proved its extinction, which provides for dating of the Slavic penetration starting phase to the territory under discussion. The study also substantiates why beginnings of the Early Slavic settlement reach even more back to the pre-Avar period. This statement is indicated also by a remarkable mutual respect, which these two ethnic and civilization circles had for the territories they occupied. This phenomenon is characteristic not only for the Migration period late horizon but for the Avar Khaganate period as well.
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