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1
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Początek formalno-prawnych działań na rzecz publicznej ochrony zdrowia w dziewiętnastowiecznej Anglii

100%
Polak K.
Prace Historyczne
|
2008
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vol. 135
PL
The Beginning of Formal-Legal Activities in Favor of Public Health Protection in the 19th Century EnglandThe rapid progress which occurred in the sphere of industry in England in the second half of the 18th c. and at the beginning of the 19th c. – and consequently a change in the character of the society from an agricultural to an industrial one – had a direct impact on many walks of life, among which public health was not of least importance. A rapid and unplanned urbanization which was the consequence of an increase in the number of inhabitants in the cities, contributed to the worsening of sanitary conditions among the working class population, which had an impact, among others, on the rapid spread of infectious diseases. It is no coincidence therefore that the attempts aiming at an improvement of the public health system which emerged in the first half of the 19th c. – focused chiefly on an improvement of sanitation. Among the features that characterized the period prior to 1848 one finds, among others, a lack of national legislation concerning health and a lack of definite procedural principles relating to public health as a sphere of functioning of the state. Yet such activities were being effected on the local level and they originated from an increased awareness of the local authorities who attached an ever greater importance to the conditions of living of the local population in a given region. The first half of the 19th century is a period of drawing up the first reports which were the effect of gathering data and subjecting it to scientific analysis, that is attempts to “gauge the problem”. The results of these analyses exemplified an obvious correlation between sanitary conditions and the high rate of incidence of diseases and high mortality rate. The culminating point and at the same time an important caesura in the above-presented activities was the year 1848 and the adoption of the Public Health Act – the first act whose goal was to promote public health, The adoption of this act marked a clear-cut boundary line in the history of the development of public health in the 19th century England. In spite of the many shortcomings and imperfections – that are noticeable particularly from today’s perspective – this act was nevertheless a clear-cut reflection of the state’s interest in the issues associated with public health; moreover, it initiated a series of legislative steps and led to the creation of the first national institution responsible for shaping the health policy – the National Health Council. In spite of its very modest prerogatives, the Council testified to the acceptance of planned and oriented activities in issues related to public health.
2
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Dylematy zastosowania MSSF dla MŚP

100%
Polak K.
Prace i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
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2011
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vol. 1
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issue 2
283-292
EN
The aim of the article is showing International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities, which was established in July 2009. The text also contains comparison between standard for SME and full version IFRS and opinions towards its acceptance. The companies expectations towards standard for SME concern simplifications, which make the book-keeping in entities easier. In Polish companies there had been field test carried out, which showed that draft IFRS for SME is not satisfying. In the opinion of Polish experts in range of accounting, standard for SME is too extensive and difficult for many small and medium-sized companies. Its implementation might cause increase of costs to gain necessary knowledge in order to use IFRS for SME correctly.
3
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Restauracja dekoracji maswerkowej szczytu prezbiterium kościoła pw. Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu

51%
Polak K., Kurkowski M., Kuczykowski K.
Rocznik Toruński
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2021
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issue 48
163-190
EN
The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the tracery decoration of the blendes of the chancel gable of the Blessed Virgin Mary Assumption church in Toruń. Issues such as the course of restoration works and the technique of making engraved and painted traceries were discussed in detail. The compositions of the engravings were also analysed and analogies in the area of former Teutonic State were recalled. The work carried out changed the image of the church gable, giving it a unique decorativeness. They are also an undeniable proof of the colourful appearance of the architecture of that period.  
DE
Der Beitrag ist der Rekonstruktion der Maßwerkdekorationen der Blenden am Chorgiebel der Marienkirche in Thorn gewidmet. Ausführlich besprochen wurden solche Themen wie Ablauf von Restaurierungsarbeiten und Herstellungstechniken der geritzten und gemalten Maßwerke. Auch die Komposition der geritzten Maßwerke wurde analysiert und dabei auf Analogien im Gebiet des ehemaligen Ordenspreußens verwiesen. Die durchgeführten Arbeiten veränderten das Bild des Kirchengiebels und verliehen ihm wieder ein einzigartiges Aussehen. Sie sind auch ein unbestreitbarer Beweis für das farbenfrohe Erscheinungsbild der damaligen Architektur.  
PL
Artykuł poświęcony został rekonstrukcji maswerkowej dekoracji blend szczytu prezbiterium kościoła pw. Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu. Szczegółowo zostały omówione takie kwestie, jak przebieg prac konserwatorskich maswerków rytych i malowanych oraz technika ich wykonania. Poddano także analizie kompozycje rytów i przywołano dla nich analogie na obszarze dawnych Prus krzyżackich. Przeprowadzone prace zmieniły wizerunek szczytu kościoła, nadając mu wyjątkową dekoracyjność. Dają one także niezaprzeczalny dowód barwnego wyglądu architektury tamtych czasów.  
4
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Conservation studies of the ruins of the Gothic Kazimierz castle (2nd half of the 14th century) in Koło (Gozdów)

39%
Niemcewicz P., Polak K., Gralińska-Grubecka A., Witkowska K., Bartz W., Chylińska M., Podgórski A.
Architectus
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2022
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issue 4 (72)
59-69
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań konserwatorskich zrealizowanych w ramach projektu rewitalizacji ruin zamku w Kole. Obejmowały one rozpoznanie techniki wykonania zabytku, identyfikację i określenie właściwości materiałów historycznych i współczesnych, ocenę stanu zachowania, analizę czynników niszczących, które wraz z wynikami badań architektonicznych stanowiły podstawę opracowania programu prac konserwatorskich obiektu. Analizę zgromadzonego materiału realizował szeroki zespół z wykorzystaniem specjalistycznych technik badawczych. Wyniki przedstawione w artykule obejmują petrografię, analizę chemiczną, termograwimetrię oraz właściwości kapilarne i mechaniczne zapraw, skał i cegieł, stopień zasolenia oraz analizy mikrobiologiczne materiałów. Niepodważalną wartością przeprowadzonych badań, stanowiącą znaczący wkład w zasób wiedzy, jest szczegółowe rozpoznanie historycznych materiałów oraz zastosowanych technik budowlanych.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the conservation research carried out as part of the revitalization project of the ruins of the castle in Koło. Basis of the recognition of the monument’s construction technique, identification and determination of the properties of historical and contemporary materials, assessment of the state of preservation and analysis of destructive factors developed a program of conservation works. Research was carried out considering the findings of architectural research. Laboratory tests of the collected material were carried out by a wide team of employees using specialized research techniques. Their results are presented in this article and include petrographic, chemical and thermogravimetric analyses of mortars, rocks and bricks, their capillary and mechanical properties, salinity analysis and microbiological analyses of materials. The undeniable value of the conducted research is a detailed diagnosis of historical building materials, which is a significant contribution to the knowledge of old construction techniques.
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