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1

ČO S POVERAMI ALEBO KDE SÚ HRANICE KATEGÓRIÍ?

100%
Bahna V.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2008
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vol. 15
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issue 1
11-24
EN
The paper deals with the problems of terminology and classification of folk beliefs. The author shows that relevant terminology used by the Slovak scholars is unstable and rather intuitive. Few years ago a new proposal for classification of the folk beliefs came out from the field of religious studies. Basing on the fuzzy set theory, the author claims that the social and cultural categories do not need the sharp boundaries. He confronts the new classification with the theories of cognitive science of religion, in particular with the cognitive theory of Pascal Boyer and the theory of the religious modes of Harvey Whitehouse.
2

CULTURAL GROUP SELECTION AND THE RUSSIAN OLD BELIEVERS. ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE OUTCOMES OF THE GROUP-COHESIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION

100%
Bahna V.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 2
248 – 272
EN
Current adaptation approaches view religion as a system of beliefs, behaviours, social norms, taboos and collective rituals, which enforce social cohesion and intragroup solidarity that lead to group cooperation and coordination. These prosocial effects then translate into success in between-group competition. Cultural group selection is seen as the process that led to the emergence of religion as a cultural adaptation that enables the persistence of cooperative social groups. This article applies this theoretical approach to the so-called Old Believers: a diverse and fractioned branch of Russian Orthodox Christianity, whose history is marked by apocalyptic worldviews and antagonism towards state powers and the Russian Orthodox Church. Since their split with the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century, the Old Believers evolved towards egalitarian communities, asceticism, isolationism and traditionalism. The author argues that Old Believers can be in many respects viewed as prototypic examples of how religious systems promote social cohesion, in-group solidarity, identity and commitment. Yet, contrary to what the theory assumes (or at least emphasizes), the very same collective rituals, social norms, supernatural beliefs and taboos, and their systemic interdependence, can lead to group harmful outcomes (e.g., splintering, excessive celibacy, mass suicide). In other words, high levels of in-group pro-sociality linked to religion cannot be simply viewed as exclusively mediating group benefits.
3

ORGANIZÁCIA KULTÚRNO-SPOLOČENSKÉHO ŽIVOTA VO VYBRANÝCH ÚSPEŠNÝCH OBCIACH

100%
Bahna V.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2019
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vol. 67
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issue 3
324 – 342
EN
This paper compares the methods of organisation of cultural and social life in three municipalities which were awarded the “Village of the Year” title, namely the municipalities of Oravská Lesná, Liptovská Teplička and Spišský Hrhov. The research in these three municipalities suggests several historical and socio-economic similarities between the villages of Oravská Lesná and Liptovská Teplička, which contrasts with the situation in Spišský Hrhov. These similarities and differences between the municipalities are also manifested at the level of their cultural and social life and development strategies. On one hand, we have the traditional mountainous villages with stable long-term and internally driven demography; on the other hand, a changing municipality with a high rate of immigration. In the former case, activities related to the identity of a traditional municipality are being developed, while in the latter case, the identity of the municipality is being actively created also through new cultural and social activities. The key factors of the municipalities’ cultural and social life in both cases are initiative inhabitants and proactive self-governments open to their initiatives.
4

Argumentum ad Hominem. Argumentation Strategies of Conspiracy Theories Advocates in Slovak Internet Discussions

100%
Bahna V.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2017
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vol. 27
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issue 4
298 - 306
EN
The article tries to analyse argumentation strategies of conspiracy theories advocates in Slovak Internet discussions. The goal is to comprehend the causes of persuasiveness and successful cultural transmission of conspiracy theories. The article is based on the presumption that arguments used by contributors in the discussion, are an image of what they consider to be persuasive, and for this reason, they reflect - to a certain extent - the successful cultural transmission. The results show that the pro-conspiracy argumentation in the discussions systematically repeats the “argument ad hominem”, which - instead of attacking the essence and content of arguments in official stories - attacked the sources of information or persons that supported them in a given discussion. The attacks accused them of intentional deception and participation in the conspiracy. Referring to cognitive-psychological literature, the author comes to a conclusion that this phenomenon can be explained by people´s natural tendency to prefer explanations that offer other people´s intentions as a cause of an event. Figuratively speaking, the conspiracy theories “sponge” on the natural property of human thinking to occupy oneself with intentions of other people.
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