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EN
Against the background of the discussions taking place at present about the future shape of a transformed polish economy this paper recalls a similar discussion which greatly absorbed theorists of economics and economic policy and practicians of economic life in the early years of Polish independent statehood (1918-1928). The axis of the reflections is the problem of the role of the state in the economy both - if present-day terms were to be used - in the so called real sphere and in the regulatory sphere. The paper detachedly presents but painstakingly justifies the attitudes of both extreme liberals and staunch champions of state control while the reader is left the pleasure to draw conclusions from this historical lesson
EN
The article describes an attempt at finding an answer to a question puzzling the theoreticians of economy, practitioners of economic policy and finally the whole societies whether research and development projects serving military goals are a factor exerting a positive impact on general economic processes or whether they are a factor having a negative influence. The author presents the зса1е of the phenomenon of military research and development projects, history of their development and the present potential of such projects against the background of the entire research and development effort in highly developed Western states. On the basis of an extensive literature of the subject there are shown extreme views on benefits flowing for the entire economy from military research and development projects, and an attempt has been made to find a possibly objectivized answer.
EN
The article deals with analysis of socio-economic contraditions characteristic for capitalist economy. The authors focus their attention on only one protolem being perhaps the most painful and paradoxical expression of these contradictions, namely on the problem of poverty. This problem is analyzed against the example of the US ecqnomy. The article contains first of all: a brief history of recognizing poverty as a social problem and of attempts made by the state to curb this phenomenon, problem of definition of the state of poverty, scope of the discussed phendmenon and dynamics of its changes over last few years as well as structure of poverty in different cross-sections. Analysis of sources of poverty, constituting the next and last part of the article, proceeds in direction of polemics with bourgeois thesis about "poverty of one’s own choice".
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