Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 10

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Will xerothermic grasslands of the Ponidzie Region survive?

100%
Grabowski T., Mikulska M.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
|
2008
|
vol. 13
163-168
EN
Xerothermic grasslands are veritable botanical gems of the Ponidzie region, located in the upland zone of Poland. Most of these exceptional plant communities have been formed as a result of deforestation, in habitats characterized by specific climatic, hydrological and soil conditions. The result of the natural reserve protection of the xerothermic grassland, however, is opposite to the desired result. The survival of the xerothermic grassland depends on the change in the approach to their protection. Xerothermic grasslands are an excellent example of the difficulties with maintaining very valuable, but semi-natural and anthropogenic communities, related to a large extent to traditional, extensive forms of agriculture. Similar problems occur in the case of gladiolus meadows in lower subalpine forest zones or of once-mown molinion meadows in river valleys.
2
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Ptolemaic Foundations in Asia Minor and the Aegean as the Lagids’ Political Tool

100%
Grabowski T.
Electrum
|
2013
|
vol. 20
57–76
EN
The Ptolemaic colonisation in Asia Minor and the Aegean region was a signifi cant tool which served the politics of the dynasty that actively participated in the fi ght for hegemony over the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea basin. In order to specify the role which the settlements founded by the Lagids played in their politics, it is of considerable importance to establish as precise dating of the foundations as possible. It seems legitimate to acknowledge that Ptolemy II possessed a well-thought-out plan, which, apart from the purely strategic aspects of founding new settlements, was also heavily charged with the propaganda issues which were connected with the cult of Arsinoe II.
3
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

The Ptolemies versus the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues in the 250s–220s BC

100%
Grabowski T.
Electrum
|
2012
|
vol. 19
83-97
EN
In the 250s and 240s continental Greece found itself in a particularly complicated situation. The growth of the Aetolian and Achaean Leagues, as well as Sparta’s awoken ambitions, presented the Ptolemies with favorable conditions to actively pursue efforts to weaken the Macedonian influence there. Initially, the partner of the Ptolemies became the Achaean League. In this way, the Ptolemaic fleet gained important footholds, including both Corinthian ports, Kenchreai in the Saronic Gulf and Lechaion in the Corinthian Gulf. This strengthened the position of the Lagids at sea, and it was the islands on the Aegean Sea and the coasts of Asia Minor that were in the centre of the Ptolemies’ interest. However, the Aetolian League could continue to be seen as one of their possible partners in Greek politics. We should not exaggerate the Achaean-Aetolian conflict. After the death of Antigonus Gonatas in 239, the two conflicted federations were joined by an alliance. It cannot be excluded that Sparta also cooperated with the coalition, and the king of Egypt could have been a convenient link in this cooperation. There is no information whatsoever to suggest an Egyptian initiative to form the coalition. After the defeat of the Egyptian fleet at Andros in ca. 245, the position of the Lagids in the Aegean Sea was not as strong as it had once been. This was all the more reason for Ptolemies to closely observe the Aetolians’ intense activity on the Aegean Sea. The Ptolemies and Aetolians concluded symmachia. Ultimately, however, alliances were reversed: Aratus pushed the Achaean League towards a coalition with Macedonia, but earlier, having learned about the Achaean-Macedonian negotiations, Ptolemy decided to cancel his financial support for the Achaeans and hand it over to Sparta. It is very likely that the situation in the whole Aegean region (especially the expedition of Antigonus Doson to Caria in 227) played a role in changing the Ptolemies’ policy. The contacts which the Aetolian League established in the region were all the more reason for Ptolemy III to choose Cleomenes and the Aetolians at the expense of the Achaean League. At that time, the beginning of closer relations between the Aetolians and the Attalids could also be observed. It cannot be ruled out that the Ptolemaic diplomacy was a mediator, since up until then the Aetolians had no common interests with Pergamum. For the Lagids, on the other hand, the Attalids were a force worth supporting against the Seleucids, just as the Aetolians were a valuable partner in the rivalry against Macedonia.
4
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Terroryzm północnokaukaski: żródła zjawiska

100%
Grabowski T.
Horyzonty Polityki
|
2014
|
vol. 5
|
issue 12
115-127
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza źródeł terroryzmu występującego na Północnym Kaukazie po zakończeniu II wojny czeczeńskiej. Postawionym celem badawczym jest odpowiedź na pytania o przyczyny występowania terroryzmu na Kaukazie Północnym, a także próba oceny, które z nich mają znaczenie rozstrzygające oraz najlepiej wyjaśniają omawiane zjawisko. Aby zrealizować tak postawione zadanie, wykorzystano teorię „triady terrorystycznej motywacji”, w ramach której wyróżnia się trzy zasadnicze sfery występowania przyczyn terroryzmu: źródła ideologiczne, uwarunkowania społeczno-ekonomiczne oraz źródła psychologiczne. Omówiono więc kolejno: sytuację społeczno-gospodarczą w regionie, transformację i założenia ideologii politycznych występujących na omawianym obszarze, a także główne cechy psychologii zbiorowej narodów północnokaukaskich. Całość uzupełniono o przedstawienie wyników bardziej szczegółowych rosyjskich badań socjologicznych (głównie sondażowych) w dziedzinie terroryzmu i ekstremizmu politycznego w regionie północnokaukaskim. Posłużenie się metodą analizy systemowej oraz metodą analogii historycznej pozwala stwierdzić, że terroryzm północnokaukaski ma głębokie podłoże systemowe, jednak zmiennej wyjaśniającej to zjawisko należy szukać w bieżącej sytuacji społecznej. Czynnik religijny ogrywa rolę drugorzędną i wtórną. Wstępowanie w szeregi organizacji terrorystycznych to w większości przypadków wybór zupełnie racjonalny, świadomy i wykalkulowany oraz będący formą społecznego protestu wobec panujących uwarunkowań ekonomiczno-społecznych. Jest to także sposób realizacji specyficznego scenariusza życiowego w warunkach, w których zablokowane są możliwości normalnego rozwoju i awansu społecznego. The subject of the article is an analysis of the sources of terrorism occurring in the North Caucasus after the ending of the Second Chechen War. The research objective is to answer questions about the reasons for the presence of terrorism in the North Caucasus, and also attempts to evaluate which of them have a conclusive meaning and best describes the discussed occurrence. To undertake this task, a theory of „triad of terrorist motivation," was used within a framework which distinguished three basic spheres for the reasons of terrorism’s occurrence: ideological sources, social-economic conditioning and psychological sources. The following are described: the socio-economic situation in the region, the transformation and foundations of the political ideologies occurring within the discussed area, and also the main features of the collective psychology of North Caucasus nations. This is also supplemented with the results of more detailed Russian sociological research (mainly exploratory) in the field of terrorism and political extremism in the North Caucasus Region. Using the methods of systems analysis and historical analogy permits us to state that North Caucasus terrorism has a deep system basis; however, the variable explaining this occurrence should be located within the current social situation. The religious factor plays a secondary but recurring role. Joining a terrorist organization is mainly a rational, conscious and calculated choice, and it is a form of social protest against social-economic conditioning. It is also a way to realize a specific life scenario in conditions which block the normal ways of social development and promotion of a large part of the young generation of inhabitants of the North Caucasus republics.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Sacrum i profanum na tle krótkiej działalności Muzeum Diecezjalnego w Łomży

100%
Grabowski T.
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
|
2016
|
vol. 105
45-51
EN
Diocesan  Museum has been in Łomża since 2012. The first attempt to build it was made in 1925. The plan was to establish the museum as  one building but the Diocese did not have enough money. Therefore, Museum had its place in Perish house. Then in 1981 Seminary and Pensioner Priests house was built. Diocesan Museum was to built next to the Priest House but unfortunately there was still no money. In 2009 the Bishop of Łomża Stanisław Stefanek after talks with bishop Tadeusz Bronakowski decided to run for European grant. Finally on 16th April 2012 Diocesan Museum was officially opened. The Museum is opened every day and it is visited by people who adore art especially sacral one. While visiting museum people have chance to come across regularly changed displays, sculptures and paintings. Museum organizes concerts of classical music and meetings with books’ authors. To sum up, Diocesan Museum is a great institution which teaches about Art, God and culture. So feel welcomed.
6
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Terroryzm islamski jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa państw Europy Wschodniej

100%
Grabowski T.
Przegląd Policyjny
|
2021
|
vol. 142(2)
73-99
PL
W artykule przeprowadzono analizę zagrożenia, jakie dla bezpieczeństwa państw Europy Wschodniej stwarzają ugrupowania i jednostki odwołujące się do ideologii radykalnego islamu. Szczególna uwaga poświęcona została dwóm największym państwom regionu - Rosji i Ukrainie. Po ogólnej ocenie stanu zagrożenia terrorystycznego w poszczególnych krajach na podstawie globalnego indeksu terroryzmu analizie poddano: ewolucję terroryzmu ugrupowań wywodzących się z Kaukazu Północnego, skalę zagrożenia ze strony Państwa Islamskiego, w szczególności zagranicznych bojowników terrorystycznych, a także przykłady wewnętrznego terroryzmu islamskiego w Rosji.
7
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Diplomacy of Attalus I in Asia Minor, 241–216 BC

100%
Grabowski T.
Electrum
|
2018
|
vol. 25
13-26
EN
Attalus III based the position of his state in Asia Minor mostly on his military successes. Nevertheless, he skilfully enhanced these successes with diplomacy. His most important tools in this respect became euergetism, philhellenism, as well as making appropriate use of the popularity that was brought by his victories over the Galatians. Establishing relationships with the Greek states of Asia Minor was of considerable importance for the Attalids’ state. In this respect, Attalus’ achievements are indisputable.
8
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

The Activity of Ptolemy II’s Fleet in the Aegean Sea

100%
Grabowski T.
Electrum
|
2020
|
vol. 27
131-148
EN
Ptolemy I, the founder of the Lagid dynasty, heavily invested in the navy and thus established the Ptolemies as a formidable sea power, his work continued by his successor Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who employed his fleet to pressure lesser powers of the Mediterranean. The following article examines the activity of Ptolemy II’s fleet in the Aegean Sea. At the end of the 270s, Ptolemy II sent a naval expedition to the Black Sea; the operation helped him establish a political relationship with Byzantion and demonstrated that maintaining a naval presence on foreign waters could influence other rulers to favor the Ptolemies. The Ptolemaic fleet under Ptolemy II Philadelphus operated in the Aegean during two major international conflicts, the Chremonidean War and the Second Syrian War. In this article I argue that the surviving evidence on the Chremonidean War indicates that Ptolemy II’s aim was not to subdue Greece or even Macedonia but to maintain the Ptolemaic hold over the Aegean with Egypt’s relatively small naval force under Patroclus. In turn, the outcome of the Second Syrian War led to a considerable weakening of the Lagids’ position in the Aegean. Ptolemy II adroitly cultivated international relations through diplomacy, propaganda, international euergetism and spreading his dynastic cult; sending the Ptolemaic fleet to patrol foreign seas constituted one crucial instrument Philadelphus could employ to shift the Mediterranean balance of power in his favor.
9
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Edward M. Anson, Ptolemy I Soter: Themes and Issues, Bloomsbury Academic, London–New York 2023, 221 pp. + 5 maps; ISBN 978-1-350-26080-1

100%
Grabowski T.
Electrum
|
2024
|
vol. 31
189-191
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Radykalizacja młodzieży do terroryzmu na przykładzie ‘zagranicznych bojowników terrorystycznych’ z regionu Kaukazu Północnego

100%
Grabowski T.
Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego
|
2021
|
vol. 15
|
issue 1
93-121
EN
The purpose of this article is to describe the processes that lead to the involvement of young people in terrorist activities undertaken by international jihadi organizations. The main research question was what kind of group and individual mechanisms pushed young people towards terrorism. A detailed research was aimed at addressing the following issues: 1) how do the theoretical models of radicalization, so far developed by social science, apply to explaining the current mobilization of fighters in Syria and Iraq?, 2) how – in the light of available knowledge – can the Islamist radicalization of young people from the Northern Caucasus be explained? The author applied the critical literature review method, as well as general methods, such as analysis, deduction and synthesis. The review of modern conceptions of radicalization allowed to formulate a thesis that this phenomenon could be explained with the “3P” Model, calling attention to push, pull, and personal factors. Whereas the analysis of the situation in the Northern Caucasus showed that most important in the last phase before making the decision to join a terrorist group are the pull factors: the influence of the closest social circle, the influence of the so-called radicalization vehicles, group dynamics and recruitment activities conducted by terrorist organizations.
PL
Celem artykułu jest opis procesów, które prowadzą młodych ludzi do zaangażowania w działalność terrorystyczną w szeregach międzynarodowych organizacji dżihadystycznych. Główny problem badawczy ujęto w formie pytania o to, jakie mechanizmy grupowe i indywidualne skłaniają młodych ludzi do terroryzmu? W szczegółowych dociekaniach poszukiwano odpowiedzi na dwie kwestie: 1) jak wypracowane dotąd w naukach społecznych teoretyczne modele radykalizacji dają się zastosować do wyjaśnienia współczesnej mobilizacji bojowników walczących w Syrii i Iraku? A także 2) jak w świetle dostępnej wiedzy wyjaśnić można radykalizację islamistyczną młodych ludzi z regionu Kaukazu Północnego? W opracowaniu wykorzystano metodę analizy piśmiennictwa, a także metody ogólnologiczne, takie jak analiza, dedukcja i synteza. Przegląd współczesnych koncepcji radykalizacji pozwolił na sformułowanie oceny, że w zrozumieniu zjawiska radykalizacji bardzo przydatny jest model „3P”, zwracający uwagę na czynniki „wypychające”, „przyciągające” oraz osobiste (push-pull-personal). Natomiast analiza sytuacji na Kaukazie Północnym wykazała, że w ostatniej fazie poprzedzającej decyzję o wejściu na drogę terroryzmu szczególnie ważne są czynniki z grupy pull: wpływ najbliższego otoczenia społecznego, wpływ tzw. wehikułów radykalizacji, dynamika grupowa oraz działania rekrutacyjne ze strony organizacji terrorystycznej.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.