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EN
The aim of the research was to define the scale and directions of transformation of the selected forms of land cover in the surroundings of the intra-urban areas of the Tri-city Agglomeration (Poland), combined with simultaneous testing of the usefulness of the index of convergence of structures for analysing changes in the structure of land use. The analysis was made on the basis of data from topographic maps on a scale of 1:10,000 and digital data from BDOT10k for a period of 28 years. In the areas of major changes, the scale and directions of changes between particular types of land cover were determined. Negative natural effects expressed, among other things, by the deteriorating proportion between the biologically active and built-up areas were indicated.
PL
Tereny zieleni, tworzące mniej lub bardziej spójny system przyrodniczy, pełniąszereg funkcji niezbędnych do prawidłowego funkcjonowania miasta, a przede wszystkim decydują o jakości życia jego mieszkańców. W porównaniu do pozostałych miast polskich o liczbie mieszkańców powyżej 200 tys. Gdańsk pod względem procentowego udziału terenów zieleni urządzonej w ogólnej powierzchni miasta ma jedną z najniższych wartości tego wskaźnika, która wynosi jedynie 3% (GUS 2014). Rozkład przestrzenny tych terenów jest nierównomierny, stąd dostęp mieszkańców poszczególnych dzielnic do terenów zieleni nie jest jednakowy. W artykule przedstawiono analizę dostępności wybranych parków miejskich dla mieszkańców oraz przykłady możliwości zwiększenia takiej dostępności wśród wybranych elementów zielonej infrastruktury.
EN
The notion of a “balanced development” can be analyzed from various perspectives. Although it was originally formed in philosophical discourse, later it started to be used also in law. An increasing number of countries, among them also Poland, endeavour to make the principle of balanced development the basis of their legal domestic law. Pursuant to Article 5 of the Polish Constitution of 2 April 1997, “The Republic of Poland guards the independence and integrity of its territories, guarantees human rights, freedom and safety to its citizens, protects national heritage and environment, relying on the principle of balanced development”. The consitutional principle of balanced development, which is the basis of Polish domestic law, costitutes the main factor determining Polish institutions, such as those described in the Act of 27 April 2011 on the law of preservation of environment. They stipulate the activity of the entities of public administration as well as the behaviour of regular citizens, giving the necessity to protect various values as their main justification. What is more, by imposing on the planning entities a duty to stick to ecophysiographic study, they affect the process of creating and passing the projects of planning acts, regulated by the Act of 27 March 2003 on area development and planning. Thus an ecophysiographic study seems to constitute a document which reflects the principle of balanced development. The authors propound a thesis that an ecophysiographic study is a premise of balanced development in area planning, which is indicated by both the structure of the study as well as its location in the formalized procedure and the effects of the lack thereof. All the aforementioned issues are the subject of the following analysis.
EN
Protected landscape areas, as one of the ten forms of nature protection in Poland, are at the same time one of the three (besides landscape parks and natural and landscape complexes) forms dedicated in a special way to landscape protection. For more than 8 years, Poland has been conducting work on landscape audits, which, regardless of the identification of priority landscapes in the voivodeships, requires the identification of landscape threats within the boundaries of landscape parks and protected landscape areas. The article presents the results of the identification and inventory of landscape threats performed in 2021 within the boundaries of 40 LPAs located in Pomorskie Voivodeship. The catalog of threats was based on the methods indicated for conducting the audit and included the range of selected threats, as specified in Appendix 6 of the Ordinance on preparing landscape audits (2019). Depending on the specificity of the threat and its spatial dimension, threats were classified as point, linear or surface, which was also reflected in the typology of objects made for the creation of the GIS database. For the objects identified and included in the databases, their characteristics and the degree and nature of the threat were determined. The article presents the results of the study and attempts to synthetically assess the threats to natural and landscape values within the boundaries of the studied areas. The main groups of threats were also identified and a preliminary analysis of the reasons for their occurrence was presented.
PL
Obszary chronionego krajobrazu, jako jedna z dziesięciu form ochrony przyrody w Polsce, są równocześnie jedną z trzech (obok parków krajobrazowych i zespołów przyrodniczo-krajobrazowych) form dedykowanych w szczególny sposób ochronie krajobrazu. Od ponad 8 lat trwają w Polsce prace nad audytem krajobrazowym, które niezależnie od wskazania w województwach krajobrazów priorytetowych, wymagają zidentyfikowania zagrożeń krajobrazu m.in. w granicach parków krajobrazowych oraz obszarów chronionego krajobrazu. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki wykonanej w 2021 r. identyfikacji i inwentaryzacji zagrożeń krajobrazu, w granicach 40 OChK, położonych w województwie pomorskim, stanowiącej etap przygotowawczy do prac nad audytem krajobrazowym. Katalog zagrożeń oparty był na metodyce wskazanej dla przeprowadzania audytu i obejmował zakres wybranych zagrożeń, określonych w załączniku nr 6 do Rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów w sprawie sporządzania audytów krajobrazowych (2019). W zależności od specyfiki i wymiaru przestrzennego zagrożenia ujęte zostały jako punktowe, liniowe lub powierzchniowe, co miało również odzwierciedlenie w typologii obiektów wykonanej w celu opracowania bazy danych GIS. Dla zidentyfikowanych i zawartych w bazach danych obiektów określone zostały ich cechy oraz stopień i charakter zagrożenia. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań oraz podjęto próbę syntetycznej oceny zagrożeń walorów przyrodniczo-krajobrazowych w granicach badanych obszarów. Wskazano także główne grupy zagrożeń oraz przedstawiono wstępną analizę przyczyn ich występowania.
EN
The main aim of the article is to identify the natural attractiveness of 29 Cittaslow towns of northern Poland (located in the Warmian-Masurian, Pomeranian and West Pomeranian provinces) in terms of the presence of forms of nature conservation and urban green areas. The article consists of three parts. The first one analyzes the existing research related to Polish Cittaslow towns, including a detailed analysis – quantitative research. In the second one, the query of statutory definitions of forms of nature conservation, their number and mode of appointment and the definition of green areas was conducted. In the third part, a study was conducted independently for (I) forms of nature conservation and (II) urban green areas. Because the forms of nature conservation (apart from monuments of nature) were rare in towns – the descriptive method was applied only presenting the data in a table. However, in the case of urban green areas, two overlapping methods were applied. The first one was the calculation of a synthetic index being the sum of the percentages of shares of green areas owned by municipal authorities. The second method was cluster analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to search for links between individual forms of nature conservation and urban green areas. In the case of forms of nature conservation, there were eight variables in the analysis, namely: (1) nature reserves, (2) landscape parks, (3) protected landscape areas, (4) special protection areas (birds), (5) special areas of conservation, (6) ecological areas, (7) landscape-nature complexes and (8) monuments of nature. In the case of urban green areas, four variables were used, namely: (1) walking and leisure parks, (2) green areas, (3) housing estate green areas and (4) communal forests. Finally, a ranking of the natural attractiveness of the Cittaslow towns in northern Poland was created, according to which, taking into account the surface area of forms of nature conservation, the highest ranked were Sępopol, Ryn, Lidzbark, Gołdap, Węgorzewo and Wydminy, and due to the presents of monuments of nature – Sianów, Węgorzewo and Orneta. Taking into account the areas of urban green areas, the most attractive are Górowo Iławeckie and Bartoszyce, as well as Lidzbark and Reszel. It has also been shown that local authorities can contribute to raising the natural attractiveness of towns.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie atrakcyjności przyrodniczej 29 miast Cittaslow północnej Polski w zakresie występowania w nich form ochrony przyrody oraz terenów zieleni miejskiej, takich jak parki spacerowo-wypoczynkowe, zieleńce, tereny zieleni osiedlowej i lasy gminne. Artykuł składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej poddano analizie dotychczasowe badania odnoszące się do polskich miast Cittaslow, w tym analizie szczegółowej – badania ilościowe. W drugiej dokonano kwerendy ustawowych definicji form ochrony przyrody, ich liczebności i trybu powoływania oraz definicji terenów zieleni. W trzeciej części dokonano badań występowania form ochrony przyrody oraz terenów zieleni miejskiej. W podsumowaniu utworzono ranking atrakcyjności przyrodniczej miast Cittaslow północnej Polski.
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