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Przygotowanie Krakowa do obrony przed atakiem armii arcyksięcia Maksymiliana Habsburga w roku 1587

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Zinkiewicz J.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2022

issue 111

69-85

The most important moments in the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth include the events of 1587 – the time of the interregnum after the death of Stefan Batory and the election of the new ruler. These events were of fundamental importance for Poland’s domestic, and above all international, policy. When the nobility gathered in Warsaw in August 1587 made a double election, the race of Sigismund Vasa and Maximilian Habsburg for the royal crown began. Krakow, as the capital, played a key role in these events. City accounts and numerous sources, mainly narrative, illustrate the course of Krakow’s preparations to defend the walls and repel the Austrian pretender to the throne. The scattered information shows some regularity. For example, you can see increased activity, especially around the gates, which played a key role in the city’s defense system. This article is an attempt to look at the problem of the city’s complex and arduous preparations for its defense. The historiography so far did not show the discussed events from the point of view of the logistic and technical background. Thanks to the available sources, we can learn about the ways of functioning of the defense craft, ranging from the working tools used, through defensive architecture, to strategy.

Do najważniejszych momentów w dziejach Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów należą wydarzenia z 1587 r. – czas bezkrólewia po śmierci Stefana Batorego i wybór nowego władcy. Miały one fundamentalne znaczenie dla polskiej polityki wewnętrznej, a przede wszystkim międzynarodowej. Gdy zgromadzona w Warszawie szlachta w sierpniu 1587 r. dokonała podwójnej elekcji, rozpoczął się wyścig Zygmunta Wazy i Maksymiliana Habsburga o koronę królewską. Kraków jako stolica kraju odegrał w tych wydarzeniach kluczową rolę. Rachunki miejskie oraz liczne źródła, głównie narracyjne, ilustrują przebieg przygotowań Krakowa do obrony murów i odparcia austriackiego pretendenta do tronu. Rozproszone informacje wykazują pewną prawidłowość. Na przykład można zaobserwować wzmożoną aktywność, zwłaszcza wokół bram, które odgrywały kluczową rolę w systemie obronnym miasta. Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę spojrzenia na problem złożonych i żmudnych przygotowań miasta do jego obrony. Dotychczasowa historiografia nie ukazywała omawianych wydarzeń z punktu widzenia zaplecza logistycznego i technicznego. Dzięki dostępnym źródłom, możemy poznać sposoby funkcjonowania rzemiosła obronnego, począwszy od stosowanych narzędzi pracy – przez architekturę obronną – aż po strategię.

Najazdy wikingów a kryzys Kościoła anglosaskiego w IX wieku. Zarys problemu

100%

Zinkiewicz J.

Analecta Cracoviensia

2008

vol. 40

417-435

The end of the 7th and the first half of the 8th century was a time of flowering and relatively greateness of anglo-saxon Church. Nonetheless some prominent ecclesiastics (Bede Venerable for example) caught sight of the crisis symptoms. Any attempts of more or less general reforms of the Church, which had place since the Clofesho Council (747), had been unsuccessful. Political disruption and frictions between rulers and bishops made impossible any real and constant changes. Secularised minsters were too serious sources of mundane profits for their lay masters, and that’s why they didn’t want to leave the control of this issue to the clergymen. It caused fall of discipline, morality and intelectual quality of minsters. The end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th centuries gave another examples of unsuccessful attempts to reform the basic problems of anglo-saxon Church in the time of political confusion. There also appeared another factor, which soon radically influenced political, social, cultural and ecclesiastical situation of anglo-saxon kingdoms. Since the end of the 8th century the Viking raids era had begun. The viking menace didn’t seem very considerable at first, it happended after some time when started to be regular. In the first half of the 9th century there existed some ecclesiastical centres, still giving an example of greateness, which could have been the source of potential reform. But to do this, a social and political peace was needed, and also cooperation of two powers: lay and spiritual. An attempts of the Church reforms (or rather – minsters), initiated by archibishop Wulfred, failed, and the next had place during the reign of Alfred the Great. In the meantime the viking menace grew up. The vikings caused very serious impoverishment of the Church in Britain, and also shaked its structures. They caused a great material losses but did not start ecclesiastical crisis; a symptoms of this crisis had been seen long before the Vikings, as a result of gradual fall and because of unrealized changes suggested since the times of Bede, and especially since the Clofesho Council in 747. In this circumstances, in the moment of the highest exterior menace, there couldn’t have been a place for any contentions, and Alfred the Great kept in his hands an initiative of the general renewal and reforms, also by means of foreign clergy.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

1 Analecta Cracoviensia

2 Zinkiewicz J.

1 2022

1 2008

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Przygotowanie Krakowa do obrony przed atakiem armii arcyksięcia Maksymiliana Habsburga w roku 1587

Najazdy wikingów a kryzys Kościoła anglosaskiego w IX wieku. Zarys problemu