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Formalno-prawna problematyka archeologii współczesności w Polsce

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Grajewski A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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2017
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issue 32
13-22
EN
Recently, in the circle of archaeologists, we observe discussions on the issues related to the contemporary archeology. This topic is also the subject of disputes between the opponents and the supporters of an innovative look at archeology. Studying this issue, it is worth pointing that the places and events connected with the contemporary history are increasingly becoming a subject of interest to archaeologists. It overlaps with another issue – devastation and destruction of archaeological sites along with many places of battlefields in our country. It is increasingly evident that the field of action of archaeologists touches the dark period of operation in our country by the German occupation authorities and the post-war communist authorities. We should keep in mind  that even the dark part of our history must be protected. It is also our heritage, which should be a subject of protection enshrined in the Constitution of the Polish Republic with its tangible and intangible elements and without any restrictions. It would be advisable that the archaeologists, conservation authorities and all stakeholders should explain all the emerging doubts while working out on the common position in this matter. We should realize that the contemporary archeology is not only traces of the past events that surround us, but it is also the material evidence of our existence that will remain after us. It seems that the contemporary archeology is nothing but a continuation of the archeology, which evolves and follows the mankind, along with our sometimes complicated existence. It is still archeology, which is called the contemporary archeology in order to precisely define the period of its interest. We should keep in mind that the contemporary archeology is also an important element shaping the cultural awareness which further increases its value.
PL
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2
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Praktyka wykorzystywania Internetu w zwalczaniu przestępczości przeciwko zabytkom

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Grajewski A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
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2018
|
vol. 83
43-54
EN
We are seeing a change in the development of science, which draws forensics knowledge and use of the achievements, adapting them to fight crime. Modern forensics does not stop at the same adaptation of the achievements of other sciences, but also independently develops its own methods and means of fighting crime, which is associated with ongoing technological progres and the growing needs of law enforcement and forensics. Collected during the activity traces of forensic science today, we can identify using modern technologies. It is now possible, thanks also obtained new sources of personal and work hard analytical, investigative and operational. As practice shows the basis for the initiation of proceedings may also be electronic evidence, which can be found by analyzing the content of the Internet.
PL
Obserwujemy zmiany w toku rozwoju nauk, z których kryminalistyka czerpie wiedzę i z których osiągnięć korzysta, przystosowując je do walki z przestępczością. Współczesna kryminalistyka nie poprzestaje na samej adaptacji zdobyczy innych nauk, ale również samodzielnie opracowuje własne metody i środki do walki z przestępczością, co wiąże się z ciągłym postępem technicznym i rosnącymi potrzebami organów ścigania i kryminalistyki. Zgromadzone w trakcie czynności ślady kryminalistyczne możemy dziś zidentyfikować, stosując nowoczesne technologie. Jest to obecnie możliwe, również dzięki uzyskanym nowym źródłom osobowym oraz ciężkiej pracy analitycznej, dochodzeniowej i operacyjnej. Jak pokazuje praktyka, podstawą wszczynania postępowania mogą być również dowody elektroniczne, które można znaleźć, analizując zawartość Internetu.
3
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Odzyskiwanie skradzionych dóbr kultury po latach od ich kradzieży

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Grajewski A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
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2018
|
vol. 82
35-46
EN
Nowadays, demand and will to possess works of art and monuments is rapidly increasing, but at the same time the quantity of them is not increasing to meet the demand. Theft of art does not cause decrease in its value, on the contrary, its long-term storage even increases the value. This situation results in an increase of its market value, which becomes the tempting object of the crime. Criminal groups have also recognized the situation and they well know needs of the collector’s market and take advantage of them. In the 90-ies there were many burglaries at sacra buildings, museums and private houses in which mainly works of art were stolen. Currently, we can observe that the pieces of art, which were lost in those years appear more and more often on the art. market.
PL
W obecnych czasach popyt na dzieła sztuki i zabytki gwałtownie wzrasta, jednak liczba samych zabytków i dzieł sztuki nie zwiększa się wraz z tym popytem. Kradzież dzieła sztuki lub zabytku nie skutkuje utratą jego wartości, wręcz przeciwnie – wieloletnie przechowywanie powoduje dalszy wzrost jego wartości. Z tego względu dzieła sztuki i zabytki stanowią kuszący przedmiot przestępstwa. Sytuacja ta została dostrzeżona przez grupy przestępcze, które znają i wykorzystują potrzeby rynku kolekcjonerskiego. W latach 90. odnotowano wiele włamań do obiektów sakralnych, muzeów i domów prywatnych, w trakcie których przedmiotem przestępstwa były głównie dzieła sztuki. Obecnie można zaobserwować, że skradzione w tamtych latach zabytki coraz częściej pokazują się na rynku sztuki.
4
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Eksponaty i kolekcje geologiczne w ujęciu prawnym

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Grajewski A.
Opuscula Musealia
|
2018
|
vol. 25
49-58
EN
The question of the ownership of minerals is not directly regulated by Polish law. Legislators have not sufficiently dealt with this issue, which has resulted in several problems due to the lack of regulations on the question of finding and possessing minerals. In addition, there are many collectors and meteorite hunters among mineral owners, who operate in a semi-formal sector. This situation raises many questions, e.g. who should be considered the owner of a found object, or should it be legal to search for and extract minerals without obtaining a permission or license, and how should the sale of minerals be regulated. In order to answer these questions, I will discuss the number of ambiguities in the field of legal regulations of mineral owners’ rights. I will present the main problems related to the question of mineral ownership in terms of legal regulations, and talk through suggested solutions.
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