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Caecilii Metelli i Sulla. Sojusznicy czy rywale?

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Ładoń T.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 3: Filologia klasyczna
189-205
EN
The aim of the author of the article was to examine the relations between L. Cornelius Sulla and Caecilii Metelli, one of the most eminent Roman aristocratic families in the Roman Republic. The beginning of cooperation between Sulla and the Metelli dates back to the nineties of the 1st Century BC. At the time, the Metelli supported Sulla’s political career, seeing him as a counterweight to the influence of Gaius Marius in the state. The marriage of Sulla and Caecilia Metella was the formal confirmation of the nascent alliance. During the First Civil War (88-82 BC) the Metelli took the side of Sulla. It was particularly visible during the war in Italy in the years 83-82 BC. Metellus Pius, in particular, had a large share in Sulla's victory. He not only had a number of military successes, but also supported Sulla with authority, which increased his popularity. The most controversial is the relationship between Caecilii Metelli and Sula during the dictatorship and just after its end. It seems that the relations of the existing allies then gradually cooled down. The revival of the Republic by Sulla resulted in a return to political strifes in Rome, and the Metellan factio played a major role in them. In the previously consolidated Sulla camp, opposition to Sulla began to arise, and the Metelli became an important part of it. They gradually influenced the weakening of Sulla's power, and Sulla, perhaps discouraged by the increasingly effective opposition, withdrew from politics and from Rome.
PL
Celem autora artykułu było zbadanie relacji, jakie łączyły L. Korneliusza Sullę z Cecyliuszami Metellusami, jednym z najwybitniejszych rzymskich rodów arystokratycznych w okresie Republiki. Początek współpracy Sulli z Metellusami datować można na lata dziewięćdziesiąte I wieku przed Chr. Metellusowie wspierali wówczas karierę polityczną Sulli, widząc w nim przeciwwagę dla wpływów Gajusza Mariusza w państwie. Formalnym poświadczeniem rodzącego się sojuszu stało się małżeństwo Sulli z Cecylią Metellą. W okresie pierwszej wojny domowej (88-82 przed Chr.) Caecilii Metelli stanęli po stronie Sulli. Szczególnie mocno widoczne było to w trakcie działań wojennych w Italii w latach 83-82 przed Chr. Duży udział w zwycięstwie Sulli miał zwłaszcza Metellus Pius, który nie tylko odniósł szereg sukcesów militarnych, ale także wsparł Sullę autorytetem, co wpłynęło na wzrost popularności Sulli. Najwięcej kontrowersji budzą stosunki Caecilii Metelli z Sullą w okresie dyktatury i tuż po jej zakończeniu. Wydaje się, że relacje dotychczasowych sojuszników ulegały wówczas stopniowemu ochłodzeniu. Odnowienie Republiki przez Sullę spowodowało powrót do rozgrywek politycznych w Rzymie, a factio Metellusów grała w nich główną rolę. W skonsolidowanym dotąd obozie sullańskim zaczęła powstawać opozycja wobec Sulli, a Metellusowie stali się jej istotną częścią. Stopniowo wpływali oni na osłabianie władzy Sulli, który, być może zniechęcony coraz skuteczniejszą opozycją, wycofał się z polityki i z Rzymu.
2
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Nadania obywatelstwa rzymskiego w Hiszpanii w okresie wojny sertoriańskiej

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Ładoń T.
In Gremium. Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką
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2014
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vol. 8
113-123
EN
In the years 80-71 BC in Spain played out a fierce war between the rebellious Marian governor, Quintus Sertorius, and Senate commanders, Q . Metellus Pius and Cn. Pompeius. An important issue for both sides during this conflict was to gain sympathy of local peoples and one of the elements of such a policy was giving the Roman citizenship to the population of the province. In the first part of the article the author considers the possibility of granting the Roman citizenship by Sertorius to representatives of the Spanish aristocracy. The Author does not deny this possibility, but he draws attention to the fact that the Marian governor could not abuse this privilege because he had to bear in mind the real possibility of fulfillment of promises made. In the second part of the text the author discusses the granting of the Roman citizenship by the Senate commanders. They are much better attested in the source material, especially when it comes to the granting citizenship by Pompey. They have been confirmed by the authorities in Rome specially carried out in this case law (lex Cornelia Gellia). It seems, however, that the granting of the Roman citizenship did not have a mass character and concerned mostly to the romanized population of Spain. The Roman citizenship was a reward for those among the inhabitants of Spain, who after moving there the Roman civil war not only kept fidelity to the Sullans, but also deserve a fight against Sertorius.
3
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Geneza i okoliczności konfliktu G. Juliusza Cezara z L. Korneliuszem Sullą

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Ładoń T.
Wieki Stare i Nowe
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2021
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vol. 16
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issue 21
7-22
EN
The author of this article has focused on two issues. The first concerns the early activity of Gaius Julius Caesar and his position on the conflict between Lucius Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius. Caesar was then in close relations with the Cynno-Marian camp at the time, as evidenced by his marriage to Cornelia, daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, and his appointment as a priest of Jupiter. In the second half of the article, Tomasz Ładoń analyses the conflict Sulla and Caesar after the end of the first civil war. Ładoń describes the causes and the course of this conflict and goes on to conclude that Caesar, despite his initial disagreements with Sulla, not only was not persecuted, but reached a compromise with him during the Sullan restauration in the 70s of the first century BC., which allowed him to start building his own career.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wczesnemu etapowi życia G. Juliusza Cezara - jego powiązaniom rodzinnym, nominacji na kapłana Jowisza i sojuszowi z obozem cynno-mariańskim. Analizowane są w nim także okoliczności i konsekwencje sporu, do jakiego doszło między Cezarem a L. Korneliuszem Sullą w początkowym okresie dyktatury sullańskiej.
4
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Obraz wojny domowej z lat 83-82 przed Chr. w Żywocie Lucjusza Korneliusza Sulli Plutarcha z Cheronei

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Ładoń T.
ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal
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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 2
247-258
PL
An image of the civil war of the years 83–82 BCE in Plutarch’s the Life of Sulla The author of this article is interested in how Plutarch of Chaeronea created the picture of the Sullan War in Parallel lives, especially in the Life of Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Firstly, the author notes that in presenting the civil war Plutarch was dependent on the Memoirs of Sulla. But not only. There are fragments from other source too, probably the same that Appian of Alexandria used. Therefore the Author wonders to what extend Plutarch was tendentious in presenting the Sullan War. Secondly, the author shows which moments of the Sullan War were of especial interest to Plutarch of Chaeronea and tries to answer why some of the events (for example the negotiations between Sulla and Scipio) Plutarch was to described so briefly. Finally, the author indicates why this report of Plutarch of Chaeronea remains a very important source for any historian of the civil wars in Rome.
5
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Kwintus Sertoriusz a Iberowie

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Ładoń T.
Collectanea Philologica
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2022
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issue 25
171-184
EN
The author of the article deals with three issues. Firstly, he defines the reasons and nature of the changes applied by Sertorius in the treatment of the natives immediately after taking the governorship in Spain. Secondly, he presents Sertorius’ efforts to gain the support of the Iberian elite. Thirdly, he points to the reasons for his support among the broad masses of the Iberians. The author determines that Sertorius’ leading a new, often pioneering, policy towards the Iberian people had one main goal: to provide him with the greatest possible support for the Iberians, which in effect was to lead to mass joining of the natives in the ranks of his army. This policy included granting the natives privileges in the form of exemptions from taxes and from the duty of garrisoning military forces, promoting the Iberian elite and even granting them Roman citizenship. Sertorius did not avoid the use of political propaganda, in which he did not differ from other leaders of his time: Sulla, Pompey and Metellus. These measures ensured him immense popularity. As a result, at the height of the war, tens of thousands of soldiers fought in the Marian ranks and controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula.
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