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Assessing the energy security of European countries in the resource and economic context

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2022
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vol. 13
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issue 2
301-334
EN
Research background: In recent years, much attention in the literature has been paid to the economic and environmental conditions of energy development as a key sector for the development of national economies. The issue of availability of individual energy resources and related energy security is receding into the background, most often due to the strong globalization of economies and the associated assumption of free international flow of goods and services, and thus practically unlimited possibilities of buying on the international commodity markets and energy exchanges. Nevertheless, the importance of energy security increases significantly in crisis situations. Purpose of the article: Bearing in mind the circumstances indicated above, the main objective of this article is to assess the energy security of European countries carried out in the context of resource and economic conditions. Methods: The article proposes its own methodological approach to the assessment of energy security based on the analysis of the energy mixes of 32 European countries and the availability of their own internal energy sources. In the process of classifying the studied economies into homogeneous groups in terms of resource and economic determinants (GDP per capita), principal component analysis was used. Findings & value added: The theoretical and methodological added value of the article results from the development of the author's approach to the assessment of energy security using individual and aggregated energy sufficiency index. Empirical added value is related to the results of energy security assessment in European countries, which can be used in shaping energy policies. Therefore, most of the 32 European countries assessed have a low level of energy security, which is due to the dominant use of non-renewable energy resources in their energy mixes. Countries with a high level of energy security have their own non-renewable resources or use alternative energy carriers in the form of renewable sources, hydropower or nuclear energy.
2
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Employment and Remuneration Trends in Polish Hard Coal Mines in the Context of the Relations Between Boards and Trade Unions

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
International Journal of Synergy and Research
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2014
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vol. 3
EN
Abstract Purpose – The main purpose of the article is to identify the economic and financial consequences of a lack of cooperation between trade unions and the board in the Polish hard coal mining industry. Design/methodology/approach – The data from 24 hard coal mines were used in research to determine the level of remuneration and total productivity as well as connections between their values in the examined mining enterprises in the years 2005–2012. The Author formulated three research questions: (Q1) Is the increase in employee remuneration in the examined mining enterprises justified by the increase in workforce productivity? (Q2) Does the decrease in employment and excavation in the examined mining enterprises result in remuneration and total cost reduction? (Q3) What is the role of trade unions in determining efficiency in the examined enterprises? Findings – In the examined mining enterprises, trade unions mainly satisfy pay demands of employees as well as members of the board of trade unions in complete isolation from the current market situation and financial results of the examined enterprises. Research limitations/implication – Research results concern not only state-owned Polish mining enterprises but may also provide valuable information about the consequences of excessive privileges of trade unions for other industries. Practical implications – The results should help the union representatives to understand the role of economic priorities in surviving the mining industry in Poland. Research results and conclusions may be used in negotiations with trade unions and in shaping relations between trade unions and the board. Social implications – Research results should also be helpful in understanding the economic consequences of pay demands and absolute protection of workplaces by social stakeholders of mining enterprises. They could help in shaping attitudes of trade unionists in the process of restructuring negotiations. Originality/value – Originality of the research undertaken is connected with a microeconomic view of the examined mining enterprises and treating them as groups of 24 hard coal mines. An important aspect of the considerations conducted is also to present the role of trade unions in shaping remuneration and financial results of the examined mining enterprises. Paper type – Research article.
3
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Transformation of energy balances with dominant coal consumption in European economies and Turkey in the years 1990-2017

100%
Jonek-Kowalska I.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2019
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vol. 10
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issue 4
627-647
EN
Research background: Energy policy is closely linked to economic development. Therefore, its optimization is an important issue especially in the contemporary European environmental conditions.  EU regulations enforce a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and the abandonment of non-renewable energy resources. Instead, they promote renewable energy sources. In this way, new legal and environmental circumstances are becoming the main reason for the transformation of energy balances, which is a real economic and technological challenge. This transformation requires a strategic and effective approach, especially in those countries which until now have used mainly hard coal in the energy sector. Purpose of the article: According to above justification, the main purpose of the article is to identify the strategies for the transformation of energy balances that were implemented in the years 1990-2017 by chosen European countries and Turkey. Methods: The study period covers the years 1990-2017, and the subject of the research at first applies to all European countries, and then to 7 countries selected due to their high share of bituminous coal in energy balance in the first year of the analysis, treated as the initial point of transformation (1990). As a result of this selection, 6 EU members and Turkey with the largest share of coal in energy production in the year 1990 are examined. Particularly, an analysis of the trends in their energy balances in the years 1990-2017 is conducted. The research uses data on non-renewable energy consumption and renewable energy resources and the total energy consumption. The research methodology includes: analysis of the structure and dynamics, evaluation of trends and comparative analysis and presentation of development strategies. At the end of the article, a comparative analysis is carried out, the economic consequences of identified changes are assessed, and recommendations are formulated aimed at optimizing the structure of the energy balance in the future. Findings & Value added: Generally, there are four theoretical and empirical patterns of transformation strategies of energy balances with dominant coal consumption: 1) using other non-renewable energy resources; 2) replacing non-renewable energy resources with renewable ones; 3) using nuclear energy instead of coal; 4) increasing coal consumption as available and efficient energy resource. It was found that the examined countries implement mainly the strategy in which the decreasing share of coal is made up for by an increasing share of gas. Additionally, we can observe an increase in the share of nuclear energy in France, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom. In Spain and Germany, despite the use of nuclear power plants for the production of energy, the share of nuclear energy in the energy balances has systematically decreased in time. In all analyzed countries, we can also observe an increasing share of renewable sources in energy balances, however, this growth is very slow.
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Instytucjonalna ochrona dziedzictwa przemysłowego w perspektywie strategicznej w Polsce na przykładzie regionu górnośląskiego

63%
Jonek-Kowalska I., Turek M.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2017
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vol. 51
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issue 3
EN
The main objective of the article is to define the concept and fundamental strategic assumptions for the International Documentation and Research Centre on Industrial Heritage for Tourism. To accomplish this objective, the paper presents the results of in-depth interviews conducted among internal and external stakeholders of the International Documentation and Research Centre on Industrial Heritage for Tourism concerning the expectations for future directions of the Centre’s development and the effects of its activity. Then, based on the conducted consultations and the diagnosis of the Centre’s activity to date, the fundamental assumptions of the Centre’s strategy were specified and the key areas of activity were identified. They included: (1) archiving and research actions, and (2) educational and promotional actions.
PL
Celem głównym artykułu jest określenie koncepcji i podstawowych założeń strategicznych dla Międzynarodowego Centrum Dokumentacji i Badań nad Dziedzictwem Przemysłowym dla Turystyki. By tak przedstawiony cel zrealizować, przedstawiono wyniki pogłębionych wywiadów przeprowadzonych wśród interesariuszy wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych Międzynarodowego Centrum Dokumentacji i Badań nad Dziedzictwem Przemysłowym dla Turystyki dotyczące oczekiwań w zakresie przyszłych kierunków rozwoju Centrum oraz efektów jego działalności. Następnie, na podstawie przeprowadzonych konsultacji oraz diagnozy dotychczasowego działania Centrum, określono podstawowe założenia jego strategii oraz wytyczono główne obszary działalności obejmujące działania: (1) archiwizacyjno-badawcze oraz (2) edukacyjno-promocyjne.
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Zmiany struktury zatrudnienia i produktywności a wynagrodzenia w przekroju regionalnym w latach 2005–2010

63%
Zieliński M., Jonek-Kowalska I.
Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy
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2012
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issue 2(28)
41-48
EN
The paper concerns changes taking place on regional labor markets in Poland in the years 2005–2010. The most important factor affecting the labor market was the accession of Poland to the European Union in this period, as it evoked the need for adjustments of a structural character. The statistical analysis presented in the paper is based on the data published by GUS (Central Statistical Office) in the Statistical Yearbooks of Regions and includes: changes of the employment sector level and structure and changes of the work productivity and wages level. The basic hypotheses were the statements that in the analyzed period there was an improvement in the employment structure according to sectors, differences in wages between the regions decreased and there was a relation between work productivity and wages. On the basis of the statistical data concerning the period 2005–2010 it was determined that, among the research hypotheses stated, only the third may be considered fully confirmed. Most of the data questions the hypothesis about the decrease of regional differences in the situation on the labor market. The changes of employment structure were only beneficial in terms of the fall in the share of employment in the second sector (heavy industry and construction) as well as the growth in employment in the third sector (services). The period of five years of 2005–2010 also brought increase, although contrary to the expected long-term tendencies, in the share of employment in the first sector.
6
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Possibilities of Improving the Efficiency of Mining Companies

63%
Jonek-Kowalska I., Turek M.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
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2011
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vol. 6
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issue 2
EN
Polish hard coal mining has been struggling with numerous problems for many years. Currently, the main challenge for the industry is the need to improve efficiency. It is the prerequisite for survival of mining industry. Considering the importance and topicality of the issue there are threats and opportunities regarding efficiency improvement in Polish mining enterprises in terms of production costs presented in the article. Main thesis states that the analysis and evaluation of production costs connected with monitoring the branch and economic environment allows to specify procedures aimed at improving the efficiency in mining companies.In the first stage of the research the costs of coal production in 2006-2009 are analyzed and evaluated. Then, based on the results of the previous stage and review of internal and external conditions of mining enterprises performance, a catalogue of opportunities and threats for efficiency improvement is established. In the first stage of the research following methods are used: analysis of financial records, analysis of the structure and dynamics of the unit cost of production, comparative analysis and case study. In the second part of the research the SWOT analysis is adapted for the purpose of verifying the potential area of efficiency. 
7
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Ocena systemów zarządzania kosztami w ujęciu sektorowym

63%
Turek M., Jonek-Kowalska I.
Organization and Management
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2012
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issue 151
8
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ZBIORY ROZMYTE W OCENIE INNOWACYJNOŚCI EUROPEJSKICH GRUP TELEKOMUNIKACYJNYCH

63%
Nawrocki T., Jonek-Kowalska I.
Organization and Management
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2013
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issue 158
9
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Ocena perspektyw rozwojowych instytucji ochrony dziedzictwa przemysłowego w Polsce na przykładzie regionu górnośląskiego

51%
Mańka-Szulik M., Jonek-Kowalska I., Turek M., Michalak A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2017
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vol. 51
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issue 3
EN
The main aim of the article is the assessment of development prospects for the industrial heritage protection institutions in Poland on the example of the Górny Śląsk region. To achieve this aim, the paper presents the results of the SWOT analysis and the PESTEL analysis of the International Documentation and Research Centre on Industrial Heritage for Tourism. According to the obtained results, the Centre’s strengths – including the financial support from the Zabrze City Office – and the opportunities in the form of increasing popularity of industrial tourism allow for a positive assessment of the Centre’s development prospects. Nevertheless, its continued existence and development require a complete strategy and its consistent implementation.
PL
Celem głównym artykułu jest ocena perspektyw rozwojowych instytucji ochrony dziedzictwa przemysłowego w Polsce na przykładzie regionu górnośląskiego. By tak przedstawiony cel zrealizować, przedstawiono wyniki analizy SWOT i PESTEL dotyczące Międzynarodowego Centrum Dokumentacji i Badań nad Dziedzictwem Przemysłowym dla Turystyki. Zgodnie z uzyskanymi wynikami silne strony Centrum – w tym m.in. wsparcie fiansowe ze strony UM Zabrze – i szanse w postaci rosnącej popularności turystyki industrialnej, pozwalają pozytywnie ocenić perspektywy rozwojowe Centrum. Niemniej jego dalsze istnienie i rozwój wymagają kompletnej strategii działania i jej konsekwentnego wdrażania.
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