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EN
The paper discusses political events in the history of Jerusalem and plural aspirations to this place which for different reasons has become central to the sacred geography of adherents of the three religions of Abraham. The city has been a deeply rooted part of Jewish, Christian and Muslim identity. The fact that in the course of centuries Jerusalem became a holy city for three religions led to many clashes, conflicts, invasions and occupations resulting from rivalries between powers aspiring for control in that part of levant. The authoress analyzes this situation since the end of World War I till the John Paul II's pontificate.
EN
For over thirteen centuries the history of Christian-Muslim relations has been one of conflicts and bitter polemics. However, there have always been on both sides voices advocating a need for more positive approach and understanding. The twentieth century finally witnessed long awaited promising developments. The pontificates of John XXIII and Paul VI brought about a new attitude of the Catholic Church to Non-Christian religions, including Islam, officially acknowledged by the Second Vatican Council in its documents, especially in the Declaration on the Relationship of the Church to Non-Christian Religions Nostra Aetate no. 3. The paper presents the analysis of these documents and discusses the role of Paul VI in initiating and developing a dialogical approach towards Muslims.
EN
ASince the beginning of its involvement in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict the Holy See has always advocated the consolidation of peace through justice. Following the policy outlined by the Vatican II, and especially after Paul VI's encyclical Populorum Progressio, that advocacy evolved into a decisive stand. The moral conviction of John Paul II that the security of one nation, namely the Israelis, could not be established by the violation of the rights of the other one, i.e., the Palestinians, became the foundation of the Holy See's official position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during his pontificate. While discussing both the initiatives and the documents related to John Paul II's active involvement in the search for a just solution to the conflict, the paper focuses on the Pope's determination to pursue the path of religious reconciliation between the followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam that could eventually lead to a peaceful resolution of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and bring political stability in the Middle East.
EN
The paper describes an interesting intellectual venture of Al-Ghazālī in his quest for the truth. In the process, he came to doubt the senses and even reason itself as the means of attaining truth and fell into a deep skepticism that lasted about two months. however, he was eventually delivered from this with the aid of the divine light, and thus recovered his trust in reason. Al-Ghazālī’s extensive studies in Islamic law, tradition, theology, philosophy and Ṣūfīsm, together with his long period of self-discipline led him, using his method, described as that of “courage to know and the courage to doubt,” to present his position with regard to various schools of Islamic thought of his days. In his quest for the truth he carefully examined various “seekers after the truth”, that is theologians, philosophers, authoritarians (the Ismā'īlīs whom he called the party of or authoritative instruction) and finally the Ṣūfīs, or mystics. Because of these studies, he reached the conclusion that there was no way to ascertain knowledge except through However, in order to reach this ultimate truth of the Ṣūfīs, it was necessary to renounce the world and to devote oneself to mystical practice.
PL
W historii cywilizacji muzułmańskiej pojawiło się wielu wybitnych przywódców, których działania niejednokrotnie zmieniały diametralnie sytuację w danym kraju czy rejonie. Takim miejscem był Egipt, a przykładem postaci niezwykle ważnej w jego wczesnej muzułmańskiej historii – Ahmad Ibn Ţūlūn (835–884). Omawiając karierę polityczną Ahmada Ibn Ţūlūna, który z wielką determinacją i charyzmą zbudował w Egipcie niezależny rząd i państwo, wykorzystano teorię silnego państwa Ibn Khaldūna. Pozwoliło to na pełniejsze wyeksponowanie prawidłowości rządzących kolejnymi fazami historycznego procesu, obejmującego powstanie, rozwój, rozkwit, schyłek i upadek założonej przez niego dynastii Ţūlūnidów.
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