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Elastyczne podejście w polityce pieniężnej w czasach niestabilności rynków. Polityka quantitative easing

100%
Nagraba K.
Problemy Zarządzania
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2012
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issue 4/2012 (39)
64-76
PL
Polityka pieniężna stanowi ważny filar gospodarki, wpływający pośrednio na rozwój każdego kraju. W zależności od przyjętej strategii może zarówno pobudzić ekonomię, jak i zwolnić tempo jej wzrostu.Celem pracy było przybliżenie nowego podejścia w polityce pieniężnej, które stało się niezwykle popularne w Stanach Zjednoczonych w obliczu kryzysu finansowego. W rzeczywistości niskich stóp procentowych, kiedy nie można było korzystać z podstawowego narzędzia polityki pieniężnej, wprowadzono tzw. politykę quantitative easing. Ze względu na analizę bieżących informacji dotyczących quantitative easing, posłużono się zarówno pozycjami książkowymi, jak i doniesieniami prasowymi czy informacjami dostępnymi na stronach internetowych np. oficjalnych stronach banków centralnych). Zastosowana w polityce pieniężnej metoda przyniosła spodziewane efekty, chociaż jej szczegółowe, długofalowe rozliczenie powinno nastąpić dopiero w kolejnych miesiącach. W wyniku wprowadzenia quantitative easing można zaobserwować wzrost PKB w Stanach Zjednoczonych, jednak przy jednoczesnej podwyższonej inflacji i wzroście bezrobocia.
EN
Monetary policy is an important pillar of the economy and it affects the development of each country indirectly. Depending on the strategy which is implemented, it can either stimulate the economy or slow down its growth. The aim of this study was to present a new approach in monetary policy, which has become extremely popular in the United States during the financial crisis. As the interest rates were very low and the monetary policy couldn’t use its basic tool to stimulate the economy, the quantitative easing policy has been implemented. As the article intends to present the most actual information about quantitative easing policy, among the sources there are both books, articles, press release and Internet pages (e.g. official internet pages for central banks). The implemented in monetary policy method brought the expected results, although its detailed, longterm outcome should be visible in the fallowing months. As a result of implementing the Quantitative easing in the United States the improvement in GDP has been observed. At the same time, however, increased inflation and increased unemployment has been reported.
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Zarządzanie wartością klienta na rynku usług medycznych w Polsce

100%
Nagraba K.
Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne
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2015
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vol. 1(21)
115-127
EN
The Customer Lifetime Value is crucial in every kind of economic activity as the customer is the good that brings profits to the companies. This is the main reason why entrepreneurs and managers should always think how to satisfy needs of its clients. One of markets, on which the customer value should be thoroughly analyzed is medicine. This article presents the theoretical basis of customer lifetime value management and tries to explain how it is being introduced on medical services market in Poland. As the health care in Poland seems to be on initial stage there is a lot of space for new, private medical centers to be set up. Majoroty of institution operates basing on concracts with National Health Fund (NFZ) and there are fully dependent from the amounts of money granted by the institution. It is renegotiated after certain period and there is always the risk of not winning it again. Unfortunately due to weaknesses of public health care system in Poland, many customers are disappointed with its quality and management form. In these conditions the private medicine services are improving. Unfortunately there is no possibility in choosing the form of health insurance (all are paying contribution to National Health Fund). In this case there is a hope for development of a competitive market, which would be certainly supported by private insurance. The artice is an introduction to deeper considerations regarding medicine in Poland and the effectiveness of managing medical centers (especially hospitals).
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