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1
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Religious and daily life at the end of the sixteenth century Krakow in light of the “Diary” of Giovanni Paolo Mucante

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Smołucha J.
Perspektywy Kultury
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2018
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vol. 23
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issue 4
29-42
PL
Artykuł oparty został na materiałach z niepublikowanego do tej pory, cennego źródła do dziejów nowożytnej Polski – Diariusza podróży papieskiego legata, kardynała Enrico Caetaniego z lat 1596-1597. Jego autorem był sekretarz kardynała Giovanni Paolo Mucante. Zanotował on niezwykle interesujące fakty odnoszące się do życia codziennego, kultury religijnej, duchowej i materialnej mieszkańców dawnych ziem Polski. Autor artykułu dokonał analizy tego materiału i przytoczył wiele opisów Mucantego z okresu pobytu papieskiego poselstwa w Krakowie. Ukazują one dawną stolicę Królestwa Polskiego jako miejsce odstające nieco poziomem cywilizacyjnym od ówczesnych miast włoskich, ale niezwykle oryginalne i piękne.
EN
The article is based on The Diary of the journey undertaken to Poland in the years 1596-1597 by the papal legate, Cardinal Enrico Caetani. This hitherto unpublished material is a valuable source of information for the early modern Polish history. Its author, the secretary of Cardinal Giovanni Paolo Mucante, was a keen observer of the life of people from all social classes. He also had a sharp eye for the religious ceremonies and the spiritual makeup of the country, both of which he describes with meticulous accuracy. By doing it, he shed a new light on the spiritual and material culture of the inhabitants of the Polish‑Lithunian Commonwealth. The author of the article focuses on that part of The Diary which relates directly to Krakow. This fascinating reading shows the former capital of the Kingdom of Poland as a place less developed in terms of culture and social amenities then contemporary Italian cities, but nonetheless equally original, appealing and beautiful.
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Spór o biskupstwo warmińskie w czasie wojny trzynastoletniej na tle stosunków Polski z pa-piestwem w połowie XV wieku

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Smołucha J.
Prace Historyczne
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2005
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vol. 132
PL
The Dispute over the Warmia Bishopric During the Thirteen-Year War – Against the Background of Poland’s relations with the Papacy in the Middle of the 15th centuryThe article is devoted to one of the more interesting problems in the relations between Poland and the Apostolic See during the thirteen-year war; this problem concerned the dispute which arose in connection with the appointment of the new bishop of Warmia, following the death of bishop Franciszek Kuhschmalz. While in exile in the city of Wrocław, several canons who had previously accompanied the dead bishop, selected Eneas Silvius Piccolomini to the post; others, under the pressure of the Order, chose Arnold von Venrade, while those supporting the Polish cause, opted out for Vice-Chancellor Jan Lutek of Brzezie. Ultimately, it was Eneas Silvius Piccolomini who was elected, winning the support of Kalikst III himself. In order to do away with the resistance of both Poland and the Teutonic Order, before actually taking over the bishopric, cardinal Piccolomini carried out an energetic diplomatic agitation. Above all, the cardinal tried to win over the Polish king as he was aware of the fact that without the king’s permission, the matter will not be settled in a positive way. Despite obtaining the papal nomination, Eneas had been recognized neither by the Polish king, nor by the Order. However when a few months later, Eneas was elected pope, both sides had to recognize his rights. After his election, the new pope nominated his friend – the  canon of Warmia and apostolic protonotary Paweł Legendorf as the new administrator of the Warmia bishopric. In the Archives of the Archdiocese in Wrocław as well as in the Secret Archives at the Vatican, one can still come across documents which testify to the fact that following his election, pope Pius II did not cease to deal with issues  relating to the Warmia bishopric. At the end of the article, the author encloses two of these documents which testify, among others to the assistance the pope gave to Paweł Legendorf in his attempts to recover the money from the loan which the previous bishop of Warmia granted to the Wrocław chapter.
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The Influence of Mediterranean Culture on Polish Cuisine in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Era

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Smołucha J.
Perspektywy Kultury
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2020
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vol. 30
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issue 3
105-114
PL
W artykule poruszona została kwestia wpływów śródziemnomorskich na kuchnię polską w okresie po przyjęciu pod koniec X wieku chrześcijaństwa. Ten wiekopomny akt wprowadził Polskę w obszar niezwykle bogatej kultury zakotwiczonej w tradycji grecko-rzymskiej, silnie oddziałującej również na życie codzienne przedstawicieli wszystkich warstw polskiego społeczeństwa. Autor zwrócił uwagę na różnorodność tych kontaktów, do których zaliczyć należy podróże duchownych, misje dyplomatyczne oraz wyjazdy młodzieży na studia. Duży wpływ na przemiany w obrębie kultury stołu wywarły też handel i wymiana gospodarcza oraz działalność nad Wisłą włoskich kupców i rzemieślników. Za moment przełomowy należy uznać przybycie do Kra­kowa w 1518 roku w towarzystwie licznego dworu Bony Sforzy, która została żoną króla polskiego Zygmunta I.
EN
The article explores the Mediterranean influences on Polish cuisine in the centuries that followed the adoption of Christianity at the end of the 10th cen­tury. This memorable act brought Poland into the circle of Western culture anchored in the Greco-Roman tradition, which also heavily impacted the eve­ryday life of representatives of all strata of Polish society. The author draws attention to the variety of such contact, which includes the journeys of cler­gymen, diplomatic missions, and trips of young people to universities. Trade and economic exchange, as well as the activity of Italian merchants and crafts­men on the Vistula, also had a strong bearing on the refashioning of the culi­nary culture. The breakthrough moment was the arrival in Krakow in 1518 of Bona Sforza-who became the wife of the Polish king Sigismund I-and her many courtiers.
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Idea jedności słowiańskiej w działalności dyplomatycznej w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej nuncjusza papieskiego Aleksandra Komulovića w latach 1594-1597

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Smołucha J.
Kultura Słowian. Rocznik Komisji Kultury Słowian PAU
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2021
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vol. XVII
33-59
EN
The outbreak of another Austro-Turkish war in 1593, urged Pope Clement VIII to establish the Holy League which mainly consisted of the Central and Eastern European states, and the aim of which was to oppose another Muslim aggression against Christians. The Roman Curia decided to include Muscovy in the plan as well. The idea of close cooperation with all Slavic states was put forward at that time by Aleksander Komulović – a priest and papal diplomat from Dalmatia. The author’s aim was to reconstruct the Komulović’s diplomatic mission to Central and Eastern Europe in 1594-1597, and provide an assessment of the chances of its success in the light of religious and geopolitical underpinnings of the period.
PL
Gdy w 1593 roku wybuchła kolejna wojna austriacko-turecka, papież Klemens VIII rozpoczął budowanie Ligi Świętej, złożonej głównie z państw Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, która miała się przeciwstawić kolejnej agresji ze strony muzułmanów. Ze swoich planów kuria rzymska nie wyłączała Moskwy. Ideę bliskiej z nią współpracy pozostałych państw słowiańskich głosił w tamtym czasie pochodzący z Dalmacji duchowny i dyplomata papieski, Aleksander Komulović. Autor postarał się zrekonstruować misję dyplomatyczną Komulovicia do Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w latach 1594-1597 wraz z oceną szans jej powodzenia w ówczesnych warunkach religijnych i geopolitycznych.
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Okoliczności rozpoczęcia w Krakowie w sierpniu 1596 r. pertraktacji w sprawie zawiązania przez papieża Klemensa VIII antytureckiej Ligi Świętej

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Smołucha J.
Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne
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2020
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vol. XXIX
29-40
EN
The article deals with the circumstances behind the negotiations in Krakow in the summer of 1596, the aim of which was to form the Holy League against Turkey under the auspices of Pope Clement VIII. Both the representatives of the Polish Sejm and Senate as well as the delegates of Emperor Rudolf II Habsburg gathered there together to discuss the matter. The Pope, on his part, sent Cardinal Enrico Caetani, elevated to the rank of legatus de latere, with the mission to preside over and facilitate the negotiations. One of the many challenges faced by the congress, which brought together a number of significant political and religious leaders, was to ease the tensions between Poland and Austria and focus their efforts on the idea of war against Turkey. In order to present the background and the course of these consultations, the authors draws extensively from both Polish and foreign primary sources, including the ones housed in the collections of the Vatican Archive and the Vatican Library. The most valuable of them is The Diary written by Paolo Mucante, who accompanied Cardinal Caetani Giovanni throughout his journey. As a keen observer, with a sharp eye for cultural, religious and political differences, Mucante left a captivating description of peoples, customs and events to posterity.
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Walka z czarną śmiercią w świetle wybranych pism i traktatów z XIV w.

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Smołucha J.
Studia Historica Gedanensia
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2021
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vol. 12
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issue 2
31-43
EN
This article analyzes texts that show attempts to resist the plague epidemic in Europe in the second half of the XIVth century. Much information on this subject has survived in writings by Italian authors, including Giovanni Boccaccio, Matteo Villani, and Francesco Petrarch. In Italian cities, the sickness led to demographic disaster, permanently changing the social order and the daily life of their inhabitants. Using the above mentioned texts, the author reflects on the triumphal march of the plague, searching for answers to the question as to the extent to which contemporary doctors were responsible for the state of affairs. When they encountered the first attack of the plague, they were helpless, not possessing either appropriate knowledge of medicines. Authors of chronicles noted that when examining the sick, doctors only took simple steps such as measuring temperature and analyzing body fluids, and the drew on philosophy and astrology when doing so. Sharper and sharper criticism fell on their heads as a result, and accusations not just of ignorance but also of cowardice. This was because many medical persons fled from territories affected by plague. Francesco Petrarch was one of the fiercest critics of doctors at this time. In the course of the epidemic, he lost Laura, the love of his life, and his beloved son. Petrarch wrote of the plague and the death that accompanied it in several tracts and poetic pieces. In those, he showed the fear and terror that haunted people when the world they had hitherto known lay in ruins.
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Poland as the Bastion of Christianity and the Issue of a Union with the Orthodox Church

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Smołucha J.
Perspektywy Kultury
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2022
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vol. 36
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issue 1
35-50
PL
Gdy w drugiej połowie XIV w. Turcy osmańscy rozpoczęli podbój kolejnych krajów na Bałkanach, przeciwstawiły im się Węgry, które z czasem zaczęto nazywać przedmurzem chrześcijaństwa. Artykuł analizuje późniejsze wydarzenia z XV i XVI w., które zdecydowały o tym, że określenia tego zaczęto używać także w stosunku do Królestwa Polskiego. Momentem największego zaangażowania się Polski w wojnę z muzułmanami były rządy Władysława III na Węgrzech, który zginął w 1444 r. pod Warną. Choć za jego następcy Kazimierza Jagiellończyka Polska unikała konfrontacji z Turcją, to prowadziła ciągłą wojnę z jej sojusznikami, Tatarami. Pierwsze najazdy tureckie na ziemie polskie nastąpiły po klęsce bukowińskiej jesienią 1497 r. W następnych dziesięcioleciach Polska zmuszona była odnawiać co kilka lat z Turcją rozejmy, co wiązało się z dużymi wydatkami z kasy państwowej, ale nie zabezpieczało przed niszczącymi najazdami Tatarów. Po upadku Węgier po bitwie pod Mohaczem w 1526 r. Polska stała się krajem frontowym narażonym na bezpośredni atak wojsk padyszacha. W obronę przed zagrożeniem islamskim włączyła się Stolica Apostolska, która widziała dużą szansę w pozyskaniu do idei wojny z Turcją Wielkiego Księstwa Moskiewskiego. Dyplomacja papieska swoje wysiłki koncentrowała również na wyznawcach Kościoła prawosławnego żyjących w granicach Rzeczypospolitej, co zaowocowało zawarciem w 1596 r. unii kościelnej w Brześciu.
EN
When the Ottoman Turks began their conquest of further Balkan countries in the second half of the 14th century, they were opposed by Hungary, which came to known as the bastion of Christianity. The article analyses subsequent events of the 15th and 16th centuries when the term was first applied to the Kingdom of Poland. Poland’s greatest involvement in the war against the Muslims was during the reign of Ladislaus III of Hungary, who died in 1444 at the Battle of Varna. Under his successor, Kazimierz Jagiellończyk, Poland managed to avoid military conflict with Turkey, though it waged constant war with their allies, the Tatars. The first Turkish invasions of Poland followed the defeat in Bukovina in the autumn of 1497. In the ensuing decades, Poland was forced to renew truces with Turkey every few years, which drained the state’s coffers yet failed to protect it from the devastating Tartar invasions. After the fall of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Poland found itself on the front line, exposed to direct attack by the armies of the Padishah. The Holy See joined the defense against the Islamic threat, hoping to convince the Grand Duchy of Moscow to go to war with Turkey. Papal diplomacy was also centered on the followers of the Orthodox Church living within the borders of the Republic, which resulted in the Union of Brest in 1596.
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Kronika naukowa

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Smołucha J., Burkiewicz Ł., Perłakowski A., Zdziech D.
Prace Historyczne
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2009
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vol. 136
PL
Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa pt. Wspólnoty małe i duże w społeczeństwach Czech i Polski w średniowieczu i w czasach wczesnonowożytnych (Niepołomice, 6–8 października 2008 r.) – Janusz SmołuchaMiędzynarodowa konferencja naukowa pt. Mare Inclitum. Oddziaływanie cywilizacji śródziemnomorskiej (Kraków, 28–29 listopada 2008 r.) – Łukasz BurkiewiczUroczystość wręczenia księgi poświęconej śp. prof. Janowi Pirożyńskiemu (Kraków, 28 stycznia 2009 r.) – Adam PerłakowskiOdznaczenie Profesor Danuty Quirini-Popławskiej Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Gwiazdy Solidarności Włoskiej – Łukasz BurkiewiczDziałalność Towarzystwa Naukowego Australii, Nowej Zelandii i Oceanii – Dariusz Zdziech
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