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Egzystencjalna metafizyka bytu w traktacie "De ente et essentia" Tomasza z Akwinu

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2013

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vol. 2

95-111.

EN

Text De ente et essentia was written together with "De principis naturae" in Thomas’ first years of teaching activities and accounted philosophical “exercises” for the brothers at the convent of St. James in Paris. There is commonly noted, that Aquinas had already established the most important theses of his philosophy, the existential metaphysics of being above all, in which the act was the existence of this being, and the form with the matter constituted its essence. In this situation, the source of all existence, God appeared as only existence. Analysis of existential themes in "De ente et essentia" confirms these opinions. In later texts, especially in the "Summa Contra Gentiles", "Summa theologiae" and "Quaestiones disputatae", Thomas deepens his concepts; he introduces extended topic of transcendentals - property of being which manifest its existence. However, the bulk of his existential metaphysics of existence has been outlined already in "De ente et essentia", and it was never corrected in the basic theses.

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Koncepcja istnienia w ujęciu Mieczysława Gogacza. Przyczynek do dziejów formowania się tomizmu konsekwentnego

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2016

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vol. 5

45-72

EN

The concept of existence (esse) as an act of making realistic and actual individual being describes the basic feature of Consequential Thomism which refers to all possible philosophical analysis from the topic of existence (esse), because existence (esse) is the first and initiating principle of being. Professor Gogacz claims that the beginning of the modification of depictions the issue of esse in the context of Existential Thomism is published in book Istnieć i poznawać in 1969. Theses of this book also are found in the script about philosophy of being (1973) entitled Ważniejsze zagadnienia metafizyki. The most mature formula of Consequential Thomism is in the Elementarz metafizyki (1987). Some topics were developed in details in the articles that also are in the following books: Historia filozofii w poszukiwaniu realizmu (2011) and W kierunku tomizmu konsekwentnego (2012). The analysis of these texts allows to separate ten topics connected with the problem of esse: 1) act of existence’s characteristic, 2) types of acts of existence, 3) making realistic and actual as an act of existence’s ‘action’, 4) the issue of Ipsum Esse Subsistens, 5) the problem of not independent being (accident) of act of being (ipsum esse), 6) the issue of transcendentals, 7) the knowledge of the existence (esse), 8) the issue of creatio esse and conservatio esse 9) the order of thesis in metaphysics, 10) the historical and philosophical aspects of the modification of Thomism which led to its consistent version. In Istnieć i poznawać M. Gogacz represents an Existential Thomism and he is influenced by thought of M. A. Krąpiec. Elementarz metafizyki is the most mature version of Consequential Thomism. According it Consequential Thomism is characterized by: 1) Recognition of statements of Avicenna’s philosophy and taking them out from Existential Thomism; 2) Understanding of existence (esse) as a created principle which initiate an individual being; 3) The experience essential principles in verbum cordis; 4) Application the essential order of causes and results with consistent notice of pluralism; 5) Distinguishing the relationship connected with esse and the relationship connected with essentia and joining the experience of ipsum esse with relationship connected with esse and joining experience of unity of esse-principles with essential relationship; 6) Using the depiction of essence (essentia) permeated by existence (esse), what should be understanding as a subsistentia, in the issue of person.

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Od Redakcji

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2013

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vol. 2

9

4

Etyka pracownika nauki

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2014

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vol. 3

205-215

EN

The article analyses various contemporary codes of scholar ethics which seem to concentrate on minor and pathological problems of scholar’s work (such as plagiarism) and pass over the crucial and universal moral principles of intellectuals. Instead, the article offers the alternative set of ethical rules, which refer to classical Aristotelian moral philosophy as well as to medieval Parisian university tradition. The author underlines such values as worth of truth, reliability of research and moral equipment of the scholar. These values constitute the basis of sketching “scholar’s Decalogue”, i.e., ten principle rules, which should be kept and obeyed by every scholar and scientist.

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Recenzja: Michał Zembrzuski, Od zmysłu wspólnego do pamięci i przypominania. Koncepcja zmysłów wewnętrznych w teorii poznania św. Tomasza z Akwinu, Wydawnictwo Campidoglio, Warszawa 2015, stron 324

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2016

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vol. 5

411-415

6

Recenzja: Paweł Gondek, Projekt autonomicznej filozofii realistycznej. Mieczysława A. Krąpca i Stanisława Kamińskiego teoria bytu, Lublin 2015, ss. 316

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2016

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vol. 5

433-437

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Recenzja: Bożena Listkowska, Tomizm otwarty Piotra Chojnackiego, Oficyna Wydawnicza Epigram, Bydgoszcz 2014, ss. 304.

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2015

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vol. 4

367-369

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Struktura bytu w Summa contra Gentiles Tomasza z Akwinu

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2017

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vol. 6

99-119

EN

The answer to the question what being means for Thomas Aquinas in his Summa contra Gentiles is: a composition of existence and essence. Such definition refers in a way (analogously) even to God because Thomas Aquinas says that in the case of God essence is existence, thus expressing the one-elementality and simplicity of His structure. All other beings are composed of existence as an act and essence as potency. Therefore, existence and essence are being’s principles and their relation is like that of act and potency. Existence makes being exist and essence determines what it is. The concept of being according to St. Thomas Aquinas is usually rightly associated with Aristotle’s metaphysics. Thomas Aquinas adopted from Aristotle the concept of act and potency but his view on the structure of being was different than that of the philosopher, who considered form and matter as being’s principles. Together they constituted being understood as what something is. In this structure, form was the act shaping it and matter was potency being shaped. Their effects were limited to determining the identity of being, that is, whether or not it is. Thomas Aquinas recognized that the first principle of being must be the factor that makes being real and only then can one speak of its identity. That is why he proclaimed that the basic structure of being is: existence as the cause of the reality of being and essence as the cause of its identity. Thomas’ proposal is thus different metaphysics than Aristotle’s “first philosophy.” Therefore, Thomism is not Aristotelianism. Composition of form and matter applies to the essence of material beings, determining what they are, i.e. their identity. Thus, one can say that form is an essential act, and matter is essential potency. Therefore, it can be further stated that Aristotle’s metaphysics is a theory of being as essence while Thomas Aquinas’ metaphysics would be the theory of existing being. Thus, it is right to call Stagirite’s approach essentialism in contrast to Thomas’ existential metaphysics

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Od Redakcji

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2012

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vol. 1

9

10

Tomizm biblijny [Recenzja dwóch przekładów komentarzy do Corpus Paulinum]

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2017

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vol. 6

283-292

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Filozoficzna etyka z Summy teologii (jeszcze raz) po polsku [Recenzja przekładów W. Galewicza]

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2017

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vol. 6

249-260

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Al-Farabi i średniowieczna filozofia arabska

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Andrzejuk A.

Edukacja Filozoficzna

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2021

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issue 72

207-237

PL

W artykule proponuje się zwrócenie uwagi na egzystencjalną perspektywę rozważań metafizycznych Al-Farabiego. Uważa się, że jest to przekroczenie Arystotelesowskiego esencjalizmu w kierunku ujęć bardziej egzystencjalnych. Nie oznacza to jednak, że Al-Farabi dystansuje się od platonizmu i neoplatonizmu: jego neoplatonizm jest ewidentny w postaci Plotyńskiego emanacjonizmu, choć połączonego z systemem planetarnym Ptolemeusza i Arystostelesowską teorią przyczynowania. Państwo doskonałe Al-Farabiego zdradza – z kolei – inspiracje platońskie. Bardziej Arystotelesowska jest antropologia Drugiego Nauczyciela, ale już jego teoria poznania rodzi się wyraźnie z interpretacji Aleksandra z Afrodyzji. Ten aleksandrynizm jest w myśli Drugiego Nauczyciela wyraźnie rozwinięty i wpisany w antropologię i eschatologię. Wszystkie wymienione elementy myśli Al-Farabiego tworzą w jego ujęciu spójny system, który on sam nazywa „harmonizacją”. System też ma zdecydowanie neoplatoński szkielet: zaczyna od pierwszej przyczyny, przez emanację kolejnych hipostaz dochodzi do sfery lunarnej, w której kompozycje z materii i formy tworzą znany nam świat bytów możliwych, znajdujących się cały czas na granicy istnienia i nieistnienia. Uwieńczeniem tego schematu i swoistym w nim reditio jest wynikający z Farabiańskiej noetyki postulat doskonalenia się „zwierzęcia rozumnego” pod względem moralnym przez kontakt z inteligencją czynną, który powoduje, że po rozpadzie ludzkiego wehikułu z materii i formy sam człowiek będzie trwał na podobieństwo niematerialnej inteligencji oddzielonej. Doprowadzić ludzi ma do tego odpowiednia organizacja społeczna, którą Al-Farabi określił jako państwo cnoty (doskonałe).

EN

In this paper, we turn our attention to the existential perspective of the al-Farabi’s metaphysical thought, which is considered to represent a transcendence of aristotelian essentialism toward a more existential approach. Nonetheless, it does not mean that al-Farabi distances himself from platonism and neoplatonism: neoplatonism of his works is present in a shape of plotinian emanationism even it is joined with the solar system of Ptolemy and the aristotelian causal theory. Next, there are platonic inspirations in the Farabian perfect state. Anthropology of the Second Teacher is more aristotelian, but his theory of knowledge is distinctly rooted in the interpretation of Alexander of Aphrodisias. This alexandrianism is clearly developed in the thought of the Second Teacher and implemented in its anthropology and eschatology. All the ennumerated elements of the al-Farabi thought create, according to him, a coherent system he calls a „harmonisation”. The aforementioned system has also a neo-platonic construction: it starts with the first cause and continues through emanation of subsequent hypostases to finally reach a lunar sphere in which compositions of matter and form create the world we know, of possible beings which remain constantly on the border of existence and non-existence. The culmination of this scheme and a specific reditio in it, is the postulate of moral perfection of man – „rational animal”– deriving directly from the Farabian noetics. A moment of conjunction with active intellect enables human being to continue to exist in the shape of immaterial detached intelligence (intellect) after disintegration of human vehicle of matter and form. Towards this goal citizens are to be guided by the perfect society described by al-Farabi as the state of virtue (the Perfect State).

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Istnienie pierwszym aktem bytu

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2017

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vol. 6

13-25

EN

From the perspective of existential Thomism, and following Aristotle’s philosophy of being (metaphysics) as the nucleus and keystone of the whole philosophy, seeking there the most important claims of St. Thomas, the article asks the three following questions: 1) What is the novum of Thomistic metaphysics? 2) What was Thomas’ way of thinking that led him to formulate the thesis that existence is the act of being? 3) Would anyone else have discovered the uniqueness of existence if Thomas Aquinas had not done it? The answers to these questions were formulated in reference to Gilson’s views and his concept of the history of philosophy and to the study of the concept of being in the texts of Thomas Aquinas and the historical sources of that concept. 1) Thomas proposed a new understanding of the structure of being, in which existence is the act that makes essence real and constitutes being’s potency, together making a real individual being. Thus, Thomas formulated a new existential theory of being, overcoming the limitations of Aristotle’s theory, and consistently explaining the issue related to esse (a problem that Avicenna and his followers - Parisian theologians of the 13th century could not solve). 2) Thomas Aquinas - with the help of Avicenna’s metaphysics - outdistances Aristotle’s essentialism, perceiving being as composed of existence and essence. Then, examining thoroughly the proposition of the Arab philosopher, he sees there inconsistency of attributing the position of accident to existence. According to Avicenna the element of being considered as the cause of the reality of being became - at the same time, as the accident - an unimportant component of essence. That is why Thomas Aquinas recognized that existence is the act of everything that makes essence, which transcended Avicenna’s theory, and thus he formulated his own existential version of the metaphysics of being. 3) It seems that nobody else but Thomas Aquinas would have put up a thesis that existence is the first act of being. And what would have been if Thomas Aquinas had not done it? It is hard to say as we have no historical data to let us discuss it. Similarly, it is impossible to answer this question even assuming Gilson’s thesis that the detailed claims of a given philosophy are the conclusion of the set of principles adopted at the beginning because Thomas did not have such a set of principles as at the starting point he modified the principles of Aristotle and Avicenna. Would someone else have made the same modifications, thus creating a “Thomistic” set of principles? The history of philosophy analyzes the things that actually happened and left their mark; it has no interest in things that did not take place and leave any trace. This could be an area for historical and philosophical fantasy, if it ever exists, but we try to stay in the field of the history of philosophy.

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Recenzja: Św. Tomasz z Akwinu, Komentarz do „Hermeneutyki” Arystotelesa, przekł. z jęz. łac., wprowadzenie i komentarz Andrzej P. Stefańczyk, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2013, ss. 639.

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2015

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vol. 4

345-350

15

Recenzja: Arkadiusz Gudaniec, Paradoks bezinteresownej miłości. Studium z antropologii filozoficznej na podstawie tekstów św. Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2015

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2016

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vol. 5

427-431

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Recenzja: Kazimierz Mikucki, Tomizm w Polsce po II wojnie światowej, Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2015, stron 366

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2017

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vol. 6

267-273

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Etyka chronienia osób. Zarys problematyki

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2014

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vol. 3

23-41

EN

Ethics of person protection has been based on theory of person and emerging from it concept of personal relations. Thus, it should be recognized as personalistic ethics, if we understand personalism as a theory based on an account of a person. Such an ethics is an example of inferring conclusions from Thomistic metaphysics of person and human being – thus, it is Thomistic ethics par excellence. There could be question posed, in what extent proposed by Mieczysław Gogacz and his followers version of Thomistic ethics refers to classical Aristotelian and Thomistic eudaimonism? It seems that the core of the proposition relies on inferring conclusions from Thomas’ theory of love, in which love is the source of every human acts, is the principle of habituation and virtues as well as the most desired interpersonal relation. All these aspects Aquinas poses in his modifications of the Greek eudaimonism. For Thomas, the only good which results in happiness relies on relations with person – God or people. Mieczysław Gogacz continues this thread, but he does not concentrate only on problems of aims and happiness, because protection of person is an proper aim for him and protection is accomplished within relating with person through faith, hope and mainly love, and results in human happiness. We could therefore say, that ethics of protection of person is a modification of Aristotle’s ethics inasmuch as Thomism is modification of his metaphysics: Thomas Aquinas pays attention on the basic role of love in ethics and life, Mieczysław Gogacz has established love the basic pivot of his ethical and pedagogical theories.

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Recenzja: Aleksander z Afrodyzji, O duszy, przekład z jęz. greckiego Monika E. Komsta, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2013, ss. 281.

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2015

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vol. 4

339-343

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Od Redakcji

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2014

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vol. 3

9

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[Rec.] Św. Tomasz z Akwinu, "O cnotach rozumu. Komentarz do VI księgi „Etyki nikomachejskiej” Arystotelesa", przekład i opracowanie M. Głowala, J. Kostaś, M. Otlewska, W. Ziółkowski, Wrocław 2010, ss. 211.

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Andrzejuk A.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2014

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vol. 3

293-296

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Egzystencjalna metafizyka bytu w traktacie "De ente et essentia" Tomasza z Akwinu

Koncepcja istnienia w ujęciu Mieczysława Gogacza. Przyczynek do dziejów formowania się tomizmu konsekwentnego

Od Redakcji

Etyka pracownika nauki

Recenzja: Michał Zembrzuski, Od zmysłu wspólnego do pamięci i przypominania. Koncepcja zmysłów wewnętrznych w teorii poznania św. Tomasza z Akwinu, Wydawnictwo Campidoglio, Warszawa 2015, stron 324

Recenzja: Paweł Gondek, Projekt autonomicznej filozofii realistycznej. Mieczysława A. Krąpca i Stanisława Kamińskiego teoria bytu, Lublin 2015, ss. 316

Recenzja: Bożena Listkowska, Tomizm otwarty Piotra Chojnackiego, Oficyna Wydawnicza Epigram, Bydgoszcz 2014, ss. 304.

Struktura bytu w Summa contra Gentiles Tomasza z Akwinu

Od Redakcji

Tomizm biblijny [Recenzja dwóch przekładów komentarzy do Corpus Paulinum]

Filozoficzna etyka z Summy teologii (jeszcze raz) po polsku [Recenzja przekładów W. Galewicza]

Al-Farabi i średniowieczna filozofia arabska

Istnienie pierwszym aktem bytu

Recenzja: Św. Tomasz z Akwinu, Komentarz do „Hermeneutyki” Arystotelesa, przekł. z jęz. łac., wprowadzenie i komentarz Andrzej P. Stefańczyk, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2013, ss. 639.

Recenzja: Arkadiusz Gudaniec, Paradoks bezinteresownej miłości. Studium z antropologii filozoficznej na podstawie tekstów św. Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2015

Recenzja: Kazimierz Mikucki, Tomizm w Polsce po II wojnie światowej, Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2015, stron 366

Etyka chronienia osób. Zarys problematyki

Recenzja: Aleksander z Afrodyzji, O duszy, przekład z jęz. greckiego Monika E. Komsta, Polskie Towarzystwo Tomasza z Akwinu, Lublin 2013, ss. 281.

Od Redakcji

[Rec.] Św. Tomasz z Akwinu, "O cnotach rozumu. Komentarz do VI księgi „Etyki nikomachejskiej” Arystotelesa", przekład i opracowanie M. Głowala, J. Kostaś, M. Otlewska, W. Ziółkowski, Wrocław 2010, ss. 211.