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PL
Civic budget (participatory budget) shows us that public administration is multiform. It is a relatively new institution of direct democracy which has been implemented since 2011. It does not have a specific legal framework. For that reason, it is adapted to well-known forms, such as social consultation or – on the contrary – to other ideas. In this case, the citizens’ budget may be based on statutory tasks executed by municipalities, rules regulating public finances or social contracts. Each way allows using other features of this institution. Neither is perfect, though.
EN
The work is a critical analysis of writings of theoreticians dealing with alienation theory from the late eighteenth to the twentieth century. While in Karl Marx’s theory the focus is on alienation of a man from the product of his work and work itself, other forms of the concept play an important role in fields like history, sociology, philosophy and psychology. Before Marx, the idea appeared in the writings of Rousseau, where it was understood as a result of human distance from nature. Hegel interpreted it as a sort of alienated reality that only man can assimilate. Feuerbach, on the other hand, believed that man alienates from a part of himself by creating the idea of God. Fromm and the Frankfurt School drew from Marx’s writings, but for them the alienation was more about the mental sphere and it meant the alienation of the man from himself.
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