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PL
Tytułowy problem w niniejszym artykule omówiono na przykładzie dwóch opowiadań „Bagno” („Bołoto”, 1903) i „Czarna błyskawica” („Czornaja mołnija”, 1913) oraz cyklu „Lestrygonowie” („Listrigony”, 1911) autorstwa wybitnego prozaika rosyjskiego przełomu XIX i XX wieku, Aleksandra Kuprina. W wymienionych opowiadaniach funkcjonują obrazy czterech podstawowych żywiołów: ziemi, ognia, wody i powietrza. W cyklu „Lestrygonowie” Kuprin ukazał potęgę żywiołu morskiego, sprzężonego z niewyobrażalną siłą wiatru „bora”. W konfrontacji z żywiołem przedstawia Kuprin bałakławskich rybaków, którzy podejmują nierówną walkę z siłami natury. W cyklu „Lestrygonowie” występują też jawne analogie pomiędzy żywiołem przyrody i żywiołem natury ludzkiej. Natomiast wymienione opowiadania nie tyko obrazują najważniejsze pierwiastki rzeczywistości przyrodniczej, ale też zawierają określony wydźwięk społeczny.
EN
The topic of this paper is discussed on the basis of two stories, ‘The Bog’ (‘Boloto,’ 1903) and ‘The Black Lightning’ (‘Chernaya molnia,’ 1913), and the short story cycle ‘The Laestrygonians’ (‘Listrigony’, 1911) by an eminent Russian writer of the turn of the 20th century, Aleksandr Kuprin. The stories bring images of the four basic natural elements – earth, fire, water and air. In particular, in ‘The Laestrygonians’ Kuprin shows the power of the sea, combined with the unimaginable force of the wind. The author presents man fighting a one-sided battle with the forces of nature. There are, as well, obvious analogies between the four elements and the elemental aspect of human nature. The stories under analysis not only depict the most important elements of the natural world, but also have particular social overtones.
EN
The article deals with the problems of dialogue of cultures and ideas in prose pieces by Ivan Rukavishnikov (1877–1930), a Russian poet of the Silver Age, writer, cultural activist and translator. Rukavishnikov’s works are characterized by ideological and aesthetic tendencies typical of the Russian culture at the turn of the 20th century. In contemporary research parallels have been drawn between the prose of Rukavishnikov and that of Fyodor Dostoyevski, Fyodor Sologub, Valery Bryusov, Andrei Bely, Mikhail Albov and Vladimir Nabokov, among others. Rukavishnikov’s early verse is marked by the motifs of death, illness and loneliness. The majority of Rukavishnikov’s poems describe the poet’s feelings and emotions through images of weakness, disappointment, sorrow, suffering, fatigue and weariness, typical of the ‘lost generation’ poets. The same motifs are characteristic of his prose. The autobiographical persona from the lyrical poetry has a correspondent in the novel “The Damned Family” – the autobiographical figure of Viktor Makarovich, an artist and a typical individualist, focused on his personal feelings. As the author’s “porte parole”, Makarovich discusses art topics with other characters in the novel, and sometimes with himself. These artistic and intellectual discussions reflect the essence of actual Silver Age literary polemics. In the article the author also analyzes Rukavishnikov’s interest in Hindu ideas and culture, expressing the human longing for truth and perfection (manifest in the second part of the collection “The Close and the Distant”). By referring to the ancient philosophy the writer raises universal and timeless questions. These questions do not belong only to the spiritual and physical world of Rukavishnikov as a representative of the Russian Silver Age, but remain topical nowadays as well.
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