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Przekształcenia własnościowe polskiej gospodarki w latach 1990–2012

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Stępniak-Kucharska A.
Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy
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2015
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issue 41
136-147
PL
Przekształcenia społeczno-gospodarcze rozpoczęte na przełomie lat 1989/1990 obejmują m.in. zmianę struktury własnościowej polskiej gospodarki – zmniejszanie się roli sektora publicz-nego. Zmiany własnościowe polskiej gospodarki opierają się na dwóch podstawowych filarach – rozwoju prywatnej przedsiębiorczości (głównie małej i średniej) oraz na procesach prywatyzacyj-nych dotychczasowej własności publicznej. Celem opracowania jest ocena przebiegu procesów prywatyzacyjnych w Polsce w latach 1990-2012. Analizą objęte zostały takie zagadnienia jak: liczba przedsiębiorstw poddanych po-szczególnych formom prywatyzacji, zróżnicowanie sektorowe i regionalne przekształceń własno-ściowych, przychody z prywatyzacji oraz mikroekonomiczna efektywność przekształceń (mierzo-na wskaźnikami rentowności). Badanie przeprowadzone zostało w oparciu o dane GUS i MSP dot. prywatyzacji przedsiębiorstw państwowych. Do końca roku 2012 różnym formom prywatyzacji poddanych zostało 7555 przedsiębiorstw państwowych (86,4% zarejestrowanych w REGON 30.06.1990 r.), a przychody z prywatyzacji wyniosły łącznie 143,7 mld zł (do 30.05.2014 r. – 148 mld zł). Pod koniec 2012 roku na rynku istniały 83 przedsiębiorstwa państwowe, w tym 26 aktywnych. Najczęściej przedsiębiorstwa prywatyzowano bezpośrednio, jednak równie popularne były pozostałe ścieżki, w tym likwidacja z przyczyn ekonomicznych. Z mikroekonomicznego punktu widzenia najefektywniejsza była prywatyzacja pośrednia z udziałem inwestora krajowego oraz bezpośrednia przy udziale inwestora zagranicznego. Zdecydowanie najmniej efektywną metodą przekształceń własnościowych okazała się prywatyzacja masowa. Doświadczenia 25 lat polskich przekształceń własnościowych potwierdzają słuszność wyko-rzystania zróżnicowanych ścieżek prywatyzacyjnych. Dokończenie prywatyzacji powinno być jednym z priorytetów obecnego rządu, gdyż własność prywatna lepiej sprzyja zwiększaniu efektywności ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw. Należy jednak uwzględnić popełnione dotychczas błędy i zmodyfikować stosowane procedury.
EN
Socio-economic transformations which started at the turn of1989/1990 include, among oth-ers, a change in the ownership structure of the Polish economy-reduction in the role of the public sector. Changes in ownership in the Polish economy are based on two main pillars-development of private enterprise (mainly small and medium companies) and privatisation of public property. The aim of the paper is to assess privatisation processes in Poland in the years 1990–2012.The analysis included the following issues: the number of companies subject to various forms of privatisation, sectoral and regional diversification of ownership transformation, revenues from privatisation and microeconomic efficiency of the transformations undertaken (measured by indicators of profitability). The study was conducted on the basis of CSO and SME's data regard-ing privatisation of state enterprises. By the end of 2012, 7555 state-owned enterprises (86,4% of companies registered in REGON [Polish National Business Registry] 30.06.1990) were subject to various forms of privatisation. Revenues from privatisation totaled PLN 143,7 billion (till 05/30/2014 – PLN 148 billion) and budget revenues were inversely proportional to the number of privatised companies. At the end of 2012 there were 83 state – owned enterprises, including 26 active ones, on the market. Most enterprises were privatized directly, but equally popular were other forms, including liquidation due to economic reasons. From a microeconomic point of view, the most effective was indirect privatization with the participation of a domestic investor and direct privatisation with the participation of a foreign investor. By far the least effective method of privatisation was mass privatisation. The experience of 25 years of Polish ownership transformation confirms the validity of the use of different privatisation paths. Completion of privatisation ought to be one of the priorities for the current government since private property better contributes to promoting economic efficiency of enterprises. Previously committed errors, however, should also be taken into account in order tomodify the procedures used.
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Changes In The Rules For Granting State Aid To Enterprises In The European Union

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Stępniak-Kucharska A.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2013
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vol. 16
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issue 4
101-120
EN
The point of departure of EU State aid policy is laid down in the Treaty establishing the European Community (hereinafter the “Treaty”). This Treaty provides that State aid is, in principle, incompatible with the common market. However, the principle of incompatibility does not amount to a full-scale prohibition. In the EU countries state aid is permissible to promote the economic development (of areas where the standard of living is abnormally low or where there is serious underemployment) and to facilitate the development of certain economic activities or certain economic areas (where such aid does not adversely affect trading conditions contrary to the common interest). The provisions of the 2000 Lisbon Strategy and the “Europe 2020” Strategy are also important in determining the directions of state aid in the European Union. According to their assumptions the member countries have been required to: reduce the level of aid relative to GDP; reduce state aid which decreases competition; reorient sectoral aid to horizontal and regional aid; and change the forms of state aid-from passive to active instruments. The purpose of this paper is to present the directions of allocation of state aid in the EU countries during 2000-2011, and answer the question whether the resolutions contained in the Lisbon Strategy have been implemented. The research hypothesis is: have the changes in the size, direction and allocation of state aid taken place in accordance with the resolutions of the Lisbon Strategy.
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Rola państwa we wspieraniu działalności badawczo-rozwojowej polskich przedsiębiorstw

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Stępniak-Kucharska A.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2015
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vol. 209
199-208
EN
Innovative activities, particularly R&D activity, is one of the priority objectives of the EU policy. R&D activities are a source of creating the most competitive, knowledge- based economic region. However, a low level of expenditure on R&D (especially in Poland) is a major problem in the EU. One reason for this situation is the lack of funding for R&D activity. State aid can be a form of assistance in this area. The aim of the analysis is to examine the intensity and trends of state aid allocated to R&D in Poland. The study will cover the examination of four parameters: the level of expenditure on R&D (GERD) to GDP, the level of state aid for R&D, the share of state aid for R&D in GDP and the ratio of aid for R&D expenditure to total aid. The analysis encompassing the years 2000-2012 will be carried out based on the statistics of the Eu-ropean Commission and UOKiK.
4
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Działalność innowacyjna przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych w Polsce

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Stępniak-Kucharska A.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2012
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vol. LXXXVI (86)
293-319
EN
Innovation plays many very important functions in the socio-economic development of enterprises, regions or whole economies. The functions are economic, social, technical and production and ecological in nature. Innovation is the main instrument of stimulating economic growth and development (its speed and direction), but it also affects the form and structure of international business cooperation. The pace and extent of creating and implementing innovation have become now one of the most important, if not the most important accelerator of long-term competitiveness of enterprises, regions, and whole countries. The aim of this paper is to examine innovative activities of Polish enterprises in 2000–2010. The analysis shows that despite the requirement to take action to improve innovation, this area of the Polish economy is underdeveloped. The outlays on innovation are too low, the structure of investment outlays is improper (only 10 per cent of funds are assigned for R&D), the state support for financing innovativeness of economic entities is too low (ca. 1 per cent of outlays), Polish enterprises are selling too few innovative products (and quantity of innovative products is declining), Polish enterprises are selling mainly products of low and medium technology (ca. 70 per cent of sales), the main barrier to innovation is the lack of financial resources.
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