Prezentowany artykuł poświęcony został analizie niemieckich wyborów do Parlamentu Europejskiego. Wyniki wyborów do PE w Niemczech nie przyniosły zaskakujących rozstrzygnięć. Zwyciężyły partie chadeckie przed SPD, a na dalszych miejscach znalazły się partie średnie – Sojusz 90/Zieloni i Die Linke. Istotny sukces odniosła eurosceptyczna Alternatywa dla Niemiec (AfD), a druzgocącą klęskę poniosła liberalna FDP. Wyniki wyborów w Niemczech, w przeciwieństwie do wielu krajów europejskich jak Francja i Wielka Brytania, przyniosły sukces partiom zdecydowanie proeuropejskim, które zdobyły ponad 75% poparcia. Oznacza to akceptację zdecydowanej większości Niemców dla dotychczasowego kursu w polityce europejskiej reprezentowanego przez główne siły polityczne. Istotnym novum było zniesienie progu wyborczego, które skutkowało znacznym rozdrobnieniem niemieckiej reprezentacji w Parlamencie Europejskim (14 partii) i pozwoliło siedmiu drobnym partiom na wydelegowanie po jednym przedstawicielu do Parlamentu Europejskiego. Likwidacja progu wyborczego nie wpłynęła jednak na wzrost poparcia dla drobnych ugrupowań.
The Church's teaching on baptism is the minister in the history of gradual evolution. The apostles and then their successors – the bishops, the first minister of this sacrament, which – only in case of absence – may replace the priests and deacons – stewards of the fringe. From the ninth century, the priests are regarded – alongside the bishops – the ordinary ministers of baptism, and deacons can provide it if necessary. Fourth Lateran Council (1215) confirms the validity of Baptism administered by lay persons, not baptized when in danger of death and have no access to an ordinary minister. The Roman Ritual of 1614 – the fruit of the liturgical reform of the Council of Trent – distinguishes between ministers of solemn baptism and christening ceremonies granted without a prescription. The parish priest is the ordinary minister of baptism, and may delegate this authority only to another priest. Code of Canon Law of 1917 defines an ordinary priest, minister of solemn baptism granted, and the deacon - extraordinary minister who can not lawfully perform this sacrament without the permission of the local Ordinary or parish priest, except in urgent need. The minister of baptism celebrated in danger of death without a solemn form can be anyone. The Roman Ritual of Pope Paul VI in 1969, returns to the tradition of the early centuries of the Church, when the restored Rite of Baptism of Children, the ordinary ministers of baptism, the first mention of bishops, and after them, priests and deacons. The same provision is found in the Code of Canon Law of 1983, which regulates the question of the minister of baptism in the Latin Church: in normal situations this sacrament, provides: bishop, priest or deacon. Other – unnamed ministers simply extraordinary - they work only in the case of their absence or inability to perform their duties. Baptism is the fairly catechist or other person designated as such by the local Ordinary. In the need – especially in the face of danger or death – it makes every person having the right intention and executing important sacramental rite. The literature of theological and canonistic meets more detailed proposal for the division among the clergy: the ordinary minister of the principal, who is a bishop, an independent minister, who is the pastor and minister of the auxiliary, which can be any priest or a deacon. In the Eastern Catholic Churches ordinary minister of the sacrament of baptism is a bishop and a priest, and deacon is the first of the ministers in a situation of necessity. Only the absence of legalized Baptism by another cleric, a member institute of consecrated life, of any other Christian, and ultimately the father or mother to be baptized
The author undertakes a detailed analysis of the election results and assesses them from the perspective of the German party system. The following issues are discussed: voting system, electoral campaign, election results and their implications. Although elections to the Bundestag of 22 September 2013 brought a success of the CDU/CSU, yet due to a marked defeat of the liberal FDP, German Christian Democratic Union was forced to seek a coalition partner on the left side of the political scene. After long negotiations a great coalition government of the CDU/CSU-SDP was appointed, with Angela Merkel once again as the head. The election caused extensive changes within the German party system. For the first time in the history of the FRG the liberal FDP did not win any seats in the parliament, whereas the considerable success of the newly created Alternative for Germany showed that a “single-topic party”, can within a short time span rock even such a stable political system as the German one. The elections shook the system formed between 2005-2012 which was made up of five parties and substituted it with a transitional system of 4+2 (four parties in the Bundestag: CDU/CSU, SDP, The Left and The Greens; plus two parties just below the electoral threshold: FDP and AfD). Since two parties were just below the electoral threshold, the 18th Bundestag is characterized by relatively low representativity (84.2% of voters). At the same time the 2013 election strengthened the position of the two great Volksparteien. Besides, analysis of the election results showed continued differences in the electoral preferences between the inhabitants of eastern and western Germany, and a traditionally strong attachment of the eldest voters (above 60 years of age) to both Volksparteien.
The Church’s teaching on baptism is the minister in the history of gradual evolution. The apostles and then their successors – the bishops, the first minister of this sacrament, which – only in case of absence – may replace the priests and deacons – stewards of the fringe. From the ninth century, the priests are regarded – alongside the bishops – the ordinary ministers of baptism, and deacons can provide it if necessary. Fourth Lateran Council (1215) confirms the validity of Baptism administered by lay persons, not baptized when in danger of death and have no access to an ordinary minister. The Roman Ritual of 1614 – the fruit of the liturgical reform of the Council of Trent – distinguishes between ministers of solemn baptism and christening ceremonies granted without a prescription. The parish priest is the ordinary minister of baptism, and may delegate this authority only to another priest. Code of Canon Law of 1917 defines an ordinary priest, minister of solemn baptism granted, and the deacon – extraordinary minister who can not lawfully perform this sacrament without the permission of the local Ordinary or parish priest, except in urgent need. The minister of baptism cele- brated in danger of death without a solemn form can be anyone. The Roman Ritual of Pope Paul VI in 1969, returns to the tradition of the early centuries of the Church, when the restored Rite of Baptism of Children, the ordinary ministers of baptism, the first mention of bishops, and after them, priests and deacons. The same provision is found in the Code of Canon Law of 1983, which regulates the question of the minister of baptism in the Latin Church: in normal situations this sacrament, provides: bishop, priest or deacon. Other – unnamed ministers simply extraordinary – they work only in the case of their absence or inability to perform their duties. Baptism is the fairly catechist or other person designated as such by the local Ordinary. In the need – especially in the face of danger or death – it makes every person having the right intention and executing important sacramental rite. The literature of theological and canonistic meets more detailed proposal for the division among the clergy: the ordinary minister of the principal, who is a bishop, an independent minister, who is the pastor and minister of the auxiliary, which can be any priest or a deacon. In the Eastern Catholic Churches ordinary minister of the sacrament of baptism is a bishop and a priest, and deacon is the first of the ministers in a situation of necessity. Only the absence of legalized Baptism by another cleric, a member institute of consecrated life, of any other Christian, and ultimately the father or mother to be baptized.
Human life has an inalienable value at every stage of existence. The main issues concerning this topic are: the beginning of life, its duration, treatment, dying process, death. In the modern world we can see many views that are incompatible with the principles of ethics or Christian morality. In response to these issues in 2008 the Polish Episcopate, was appointed a Experts the Bioethical Committee, whose task is to deliver an opinion on these cases according to the teaching of the Catholic Church. This article presents the subject matter of the documents issued by the Bioethics Committee between 2008 and 2020.
PL
Życie ludzkie na każdym etapie istnienia posiada niezbywalną wartość. Podstawowymi zagadnieniami dotyczącymi tego temat są: początek życia, jego trwanie, leczenie, proces umierania, śmierć. We współczesnym świecie można zauważyć wiele poglądów, które są niezgodne z zasadami etyki czy moralności chrześcijańskiej. Kwestie te budzą wiele wątpliwości natury moralnej, etycznej czy prawnej. W odpowiedzi na te zagadnienia Episkopat Polski powołał w 2008 roku Zespół Ekspertów ds. Bioetycznych, którego zadaniem jest opiniowanie tych kazusów zgodnie z nauczaniem kościoła katolickiego. Niniejszy artykuł ukazuje tematykę dokumentów wydawanych przez Zespół Ekspertów ds. Bioetycznych w latach 2008-2020.
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