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Is there any relation between intellectual capital and the capital structure of a company? The case of Polish listed companies

100%
Bolek M., Lyroudi K.
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse
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2015
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vol. 11
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issue 4
23-33
EN
This study investigates the relationship of the intellectual capital of a company (proxied by its intangible assets), with leverage and equity and capital structure. Our empirical results indicate that there is a negative relation between the intellectual capital (intangible assets) of a company and its leverage based on the Warsaw Stock Exchange main market and NewConnect alternative market. Moreover, the equity capital is found positively related to the level of intangibles in each of the two markets. These results support the thesis that intellectual capital (intangible assets) influences the capital structure of a company.
2
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Costs and Taxes in the Light of Financial Management in Companies Listed on WSE

100%
Lyroudi K., Bolek M.
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
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2022
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vol. 3
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issue 35
65-81
EN
The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The goal of this paper is to present costs and taxes as a part of financial management process in companies listed on the WSE. In the hypothesis it is expected that costs influence taxes paid by companies in a negative way due to the tax avoidance purpose attitude presented by managers, and as a result, both liquidity and debt levels are influenced. Methodology: Correlation coefficients and regression models are evaluated to find the answers for the research questions related to the relationships between tested variables. Results of the research: The correlation between costs and taxes is negative as expected, as well as their relationship with the liquidity. Contrary to the expectations, the correlation between taxes and costs is mostly positive, alike the relationship between liquidity and debt. Findings are characteristic for the Polish market that is rather conservative in the approach to taxes, liquidity and leverage strategies compared to other developed markets. These findings prove that liquidity and debt management issues are subjective and related to the market behavior such as tax evasion attitudes.
3
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Modelling and Forecasting the Volatility of Thin Emerging Stock Markets: the Case of Bulgaria

81%
Patev P., Kanaryan N., Lyroudi K.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2009
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vol. 12
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issue 4
47-60
EN
Modern Portfolio Theory associates the stock market risk with the volatility of return. Volatility is measured by the variance of the returns' distribution. However, the investment community does not accept this measure, since it weights equally deviations of the average returns, whereas most investors determine the risk on the basis of small or negative returns. In the last few years the measure Value at Risk (VaR) has been established and adopted widely by practitioners.The issue of modelling and forecasting thin emerging stock markets' risk is still open. The subject of this present paper is the risk of the Bulgarian stock market. The aim of this research is to give the investment community a model for assessing and forecasting the Bulgarian stock market risk.The result of this research shows that the SOFIX index has basic characteristics that are observed in most of the emerging stock markets, namely: high risk, significant autocorrelation, non-normality and volatility clustering. Three models have been applied to assess and estimate the Bulgarian stock market risk: RiskMetrics, EWMA with t-distributed innovations and EWMA with GED distributed innovations. The results revealed that the EWMA with t-distributed innovations and the EWMA with GED distributed innovations evaluate the risk of the Bulgarian stock market adequately.
4
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Covid-19 Pandemic and Day-of-the-week Anomaly in Omx Markets

81%
Bolek M., Gniadkowska - Szymańska A., Lyroudi K.
Central European Economic Journal
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2022
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vol. 9
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issue 56
158-177
EN
This paper aims to discuss market efficiency due to the changes that appeared in this field after the COVID-19 outburst. The OMX exchange and its indices are taken into consideration because they represent markets not analysed in such a context before (a) Baltic: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania; (b) Scandinavian: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). Two periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic are considered (January 2009 to January 2020 and February 2020 to February 2021), and the efficient market hypothesis is tested together with the day-of-a-week effect anomaly to recognize the differences in market efficiency that could appear under special conditions, such as a pandemic. The results indicated that the impact of this pandemic on market efficiency was positive in most of the OMX markets studied. The added value of the article is related to supplementing the theory of market efficiency and showing that in difficult times investors make more rational decisions.
5
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The Day‑of‑the‑Week Anomaly in Light of the COVID–19 Pandemic on an Example of Selected OMX Indices

81%
Bolek M., Gniadkowska‑Szymańska A., Lyroudi K.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2023
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vol. 26
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issue 2
129-148
PL
Niniejszy artykuł miał na celu zbadanie efektywności rynku oraz zmian, jakie mogły pojawić się w tym obszarze po wybuchu pandemii COVID–19. Giełda OMX i jej indeksy zostały wzięte pod uwagę ze względu na to, że reprezentują różne rynki zintegrowane na tej samej platformie giełdowej, a poza tym badaniu ich efektowności podczas pandemii nie poświęcono uwagi. Analizowane były dwa okresy: przed wybuchem pandemii COVID–19 i po jej wybuchu, a hipoteza efektywnego rynku (EMH) była testowana poprzez wykorzystanie anomalii efektu dnia tygodnia. Wyniki pokazują, że przed wybuchem pandemii tylko Indeks Krajów Bałtyckich był efektywny, ale stracił tę cechę podczas pandemii, podczas gdy rynek duński ją zyskał. Zaobserwowano zatem efektywność niektórych rynków oraz zmiany wywołane przez COVID–19.
EN
This paper analyzes market efficiency (EMH) with the day‑of‑the‑week effect and the changes that might appear after the outbreak of the COVID–19 pandemic, based on the example of the OMX Exchange and its indices. Before the pandemic, only the OMX Baltic All‑share index was efficient; during the COVID–19 pandemic, the OMXCPI Index, which represents the Copenhagen stock market, was not affected by the day‑of‑the‑week anomaly. The change in market efficiency was observed in relation to the periods before and during the pandemic, and additionally between specific days of the week. The value added of this paper is related to the evidence that COVID–19 influenced market efficiency but not the quality of trading.
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