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1

ELIMINATION OF TASK-SWITCHING COSTS

100%
Chuderski A.
Psychological Studies
|
2007
|
vol. 45
|
issue 4
1-15
EN
The study aimed at elimination of task switching cost with perceptual priming. Predictable task switching paradigm with task cueing and additional priming (i.e., neutral stimulus not requiring any response presented before the task) was used. Long cue-stimulus intervals were used. Task switching cost were calculated. In the first experiment switching cost were highly reduced (13 ms) in priming condition as compared to control condition (133 ms), and in the second experiment they where eliminated to the level not statistically significant (9 ms vs 109 ms, respectively). Although most of task switching studies showed that task switching cost are inevitable even if long preparation time is allowed, the study proved that these so-called residual costs can be eliminated if effective preparation is motivated by additional perceptual stimulation.
2

EFFICIENCY OF ATTENTION AND INTELLIGENCE: A PARAMETRIC MODEL IN THE ACT-R ARCHITECTURE

63%
Chuderski A., Necka E.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
|
vol. 42
|
issue 1
111-124
EN
In the research, a hypothesis that intelligent subjects are characterized by a more efficient attentional mechanism was proved. A new experimental task was exploited, which measures the ability to control two concurrent mental activities, but imposes minimal motor demands. Significant number of errors during the dual-task condition, and fast automatization were observed, which confirm theoretical aptness of the task as a measure of attention efficiency. An attempt was also made at avoiding limits of correlational methods based on tasks designed within attentional resources paradigm. Causal relationships were examined with a model of attentional mechanism based on ACT-R computational theory of mind. The model implements both parallel processes of selective attention and serial control on reaction selection, and explains 87% of the error variance observed in the experiment. Additional manipulation of a model's parameter, which reflects available attentional resource, enabled to explain 74% of error variance for 4 groups of subjects with different intelligence levels. The results of simulation suggest two-level causal relationship between intelligence and attention: intelligence as a trait influences attentional and memory processes, which then influence the efficiency of reasoning processes determining the level of psychometric intelligence.
3

MECHANISM OF TWO-PHASE WORKING MEMORY SEARCH: COMPUTATIONAL MODEL

63%
Chuderski A., Orzechowski J.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
37-5-
EN
Two-phase model of working memory (WM) search tries to explain memory search taking set size, positive vs negative trials difference and speed of stimuli presentation into consideration. It was assumed that in the first - parallel - phase cognitive system uses both bottom-up (items in memory) and top-down (target) activations to prepare to actual search. Preparation to search is a process of indexing memory contents that uses strength of items activation or their similarity to target. The second phase is a serial process of comparing the target with items stored in memory which leads to signal detection (positive trials) or recognition of its absence (negative trials). This paper describes an implementation of the model for verbal stimuli in ACT-R cognitive architecture. Two-phase model has been extended with two strategies of memory trace coding. Computational model simulates 95,4% and 97,4% variance observed in accuracy and reaction latencies, respectively. It replicates group differences in WM scanning. A comparison of alternative model versions falsifies single-phase models of WM scanning. A third search phase was needed to obtain best fit to the data: parallel and non-efficient search of partially active part of WM that is outside the focus of attention.
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