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PL
At the turn of century the paradigm of economic development has been changing. Despite the economic instability in the world the process of globalization has not been stopped. The importance of growth factors included in the area of R&D (research and development) increased. These two aspects are also important in the analysis of the economic transition in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Factors from R&D area are now perceived as the key conditions for creating knowledge -based economy and for sustainable development. There should also be noted low potential of CEE countries to generate investments in modern sectors of economy based on R&D. In this context, there is increasing importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) as an indirect instrument for strengthening the modernization process of economic structures and providing the basis for sustainable development. In this paper the subject of analysis is the influx of FDI in Hungary and their impact on the economy of the country in the period 1989–2012. The paper also attempts to answer the question on relations between the level and characteristics of the inflow of FDI and structural changes and economic development in Hungary.
EN
The purpose of the article is to explain the factors influencing the process of economic integration in Africa in the 21st century, with particular reference to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The article identifies opportunities and threats to this process, and attempts to identify possible outcomes of economic integration in Africa. AfCFTA is the largest such zone in the world, taking into account the number of participating countries. Success in achieving the objectives of AfCFTA can significantly change the structure of African economies, and indirectly improve the position of African countries in world trade. In a broader aspect, apart from the economic one, AfCFTA may be an instrument that strengthens actions aimed at meeting serious social challenges (reduction of the number of people living in poverty, improvement of the quality of life of the population). In the long run, if consistent integration efforts are maintained and obstacles to full economic integration are overcome, Africa can be expected to accelerate the pace of socio-economic development and make a profound structural change to its economy. However, it appears, when considering the social and economic challenges that still need to be addressed, that the signing and entry into force of the AfCFTA alone is an insufficient step to decisively change Africa's position on the global stage, including increasing its share of global trade.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie czynników wpływających na proces integracji gospodarczej w Afryce w XXI w., ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Afrykańskiej Kontynentalnej Strefy Wolnego Handlu (AfCFTA). W artykule wskazano szanse i zagrożenia dla tego procesu, podjęto próbę określenia możliwych skutków integracji gospodarczej w Afryce.AfCFTA jest największą tego typu strefą na świecie, biorąc pod uwagę liczbę państw uczestniczących. Powodzenie w osiągnięciu założeń AfCFTA może w istotny sposób zmienić strukturę gospodarek afrykańskich, a pośrednio poprawić pozycję państw afrykańskich w światowej wymianie handlowej. W szerszym aspekcie, poza gospodarczym, AfCFTA może stanowić instrument wzmacniający działania ukierunkowane na sprostanie poważnym wyzwaniom społecznym (redukcja liczby osób żyjących w ubóstwie, podniesienie jakości życia mieszkańców). W długiej perspektywie, przy utrzymaniu konsekwentnych działań integracyjnych i przezwyciężeniu przeszkód stojących na drodze pełnej integracji gospodarczej można oczekiwać, że Afryka przyspieszy tempo rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego i dokona głębokiej zmiany strukturalnej swojej gospodarki. Wydaje się jednak, rozpatrując wyzwania społeczne i gospodarcze wymagające wciąż rozwiązania, że samo podpisanie i wejście w życie AfCFTA jest krokiem niewystarczającym, by zdecydowanie zmienić pozycję Afryki na arenie globalnej, w tym zwiększyć jej udział w globalnej wymianie handlowej.
EN
Negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy make a topical issue in the public debate. In his article, the author focuses on the EU cohesion policy implemented in Poland that has a positive impact on socio-economic development. However, the COVID-19 pandemic may significantly affect EU projects’’ imple mentation. The article comprises an analysis of the new EU legal solutions in the field of cohesion policy. The legal acts adopted at the EU level are aimed to mobilise the EU cohesion policy funds for 2014–2020, and to redirect them to the emerging needs resulting from the pandemic. The most affected sectors identified at the EU level include the healthcare, small and medium-sized enterprises, and the labour market. Changes in the legal framework of the cohesion policy allow the Member States to in troduce necessary transfers of the available funds of the cohesion policy for the years 2014–2020, in order to counteract the crisis situation and its economic consequences. The new legal solutions concern, inter alia, more agile procedures for amendments of the operational programmes, the retroactive eligibility of the expenditure to support crisis response measures, support for already completed operations that strengthen the crisis response capacity of the EU Member States, as well as a temporary increase in the co-financing rate to 100 percent. In his article, the author identifies new risk areas related to the implementation of the EU projects. These include the ambiguity of the new legal provisions that may lead to difficulties in reliable financial settlements, or proper application of ambiguous legal provisions. The risk areas discussed in the article constitute challenges for national and EU entities responsible for implementation of the provisions adopted at the EU level. The main challenge is the balance between the sound financial management of pub lic funds (EU funds) and the achievement of the objectives of the cohesion policy in changed socio-economic conditions resulting from the negative effects of the pandemic.
PL
Pandemia COVID-19 ma negatywny wpływ na życie gospodarcze, w tym na wdrażanie w Polsce polityki spójności UE. Może spowodować konieczność zmiany zakresu realizowanych w jej ramach projektów. W artykule podjęto próbę wskazania związanych z tym obszarów ryzyka, omówiono nowe rozwiązania prawne odnoszące się do perspektywy finansowej 2014‒2020, przyjęte na poziomie unijnym i ich konsekwencje, m.in. dla systemów kontroli funduszy polityki spójności. Wskazano również wyzwania dla podmiotów krajowych i unijnych odpowiedzialnych za prawidłowe stosowanie tych przepisów.
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