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Obraz Wojska Polskiego w i podziemia poakowskiego w latach 1945-1946 w świetle raportów czechosłowackiego wywiadu

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Halczak B., Šmigel’ M.

Studia Zachodnie

2014

vol. 16

91-105

W latach 1945-1946 wywiad czechosłowacki działał w Polsce. Tajne raporty agentów wywiadu są obecnie cennym źródłem dla historyków. W latach 1945-1946, w górskich regionach południowo-wschodniej Polski, przy granicy z Czechosłowacją trwała wojna domowa. Walczyły ze sobą wojska rządowe i podziemie antykomunistyczne. Wydarzenia w południowo-wschodniej Polsce były uważnie obserwowane przez wywiad czechosłowacki. Czechosłowaccy agenci krytycznie oceniali wojska rządowe. Ich zdaniem formacja ta była źle wyposażona i słabo wyszkolona. Dowódcami byli często radzieccy oficerowie, nie znający języka polskiego. Wielu żołnierzy armii rządowej sympatyzowało potajemnie z podziemiem antykomunistycznym. Agenci wywiadu czechosłowackiego oceniali natomiast pozytywnie podziemie poakowskie. Według raportów podziemie było liczne, zdyscyplinowane i dobrze zorganizowane. Partyzantów cechowało wysokie morale i cieszyli się powszechnym poparciem ludności cywilnej. Oficjalnym sojusznikiem Czechosłowacji było jednak Wojsko Polskie, podległe władzom komunistycznym.

In years 1945-1946 the Czechoslovak intelligence had operated Poland.Secret intelligencereports are now a valuable resource for historians.In years 1945-1946, in the mountainous regions of south-eastern Poland, near the border with Czechoslovakia lasted civil war. Government forces and anti-communist resistance fought with each other. Events in south-eastern Poland were carefully observed by Czechoslovak intelligence.Czechoslovak agents critically evaluated government forces.In their opinion, this formation was ill-equipped and poorly trained. The leaders were often Soviet officers who didn’t even know Polish language. Many soldiers of the government army secretly sympathized with anti-communist underground. Czechoslovak agents positively evaluated anti-communist resistance movement.According to the reports, underground was numerous, disciplined and well organized. Partisans were characterized by high morale and enjoyed widespread support from civilian population. However, an official ally of Czechoslovakia was Polish Army.

Repatriacja czy deportacja? Radziecka akcja repatriacyjna na Słowacji w latach 1945–1948

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Šmigel’ M., Halczak B.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

2010

issue 1(15)

253-261

The main purpose of a Soviet repatriation action carried out after World War II was to forcibly return to the USSR all Soviet citizens who during the war, for many reasons such as: captivity, forced labor in Germany, emigration or escape, lived their country and settled down in Western and Central Europe. This action did not omit Czechoslovakia. It is possible to highlight particular stages of the process of searching for, arresting and deporting people of Russian and Ukrainian origin and of other nationalities of the Soviet Union living in Czechoslovakia. Initially, those people who were under a relocation duty were appealed by Soviet secret service to appear in special camps or they were brought along by force. At the beginning of 1946, the second stage of repatriation action started. It was carried out by Soviet and Czechoslovak secret services acting in close collaboration. In assistance of Czechoslovak army, they were searching for displaced persons from the Soviet Union in the CSR and forced them to live the Republic. The fact of the matter is that the character of those actions was often rather brutal. Repatriation affected all Soviet citizens regardless their health condition like senility, pregnancy, marital status (some of them were already married to Czechoslovak partners), etc. The most violent acts characterized Czechoslovak forces. The last stage of repatriation action is dated from the beginning of 1947 until the end of 1948. Soviet forces provided Czechoslovak authorities with the list of people who were to be deported from the CSR, as a consequence they were captured and arrested by Czechoslovak secret service. Furthermore, cases of similar actions occurred even in the early 1950s. It is unlikely to estimate the exact number of Soviet citizens (immigrants and refugees) who, after Red Army’s occupation of Slovakia, were not only deported to the Soviet Union but also repatriated in subsequent years.

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1 Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

1 Studia Zachodnie

2 Halczak B.

2 Šmigel’ M.

1 2014

1 2010

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Obraz Wojska Polskiego w i podziemia poakowskiego w latach 1945-1946 w świetle raportów czechosłowackiego wywiadu

Repatriacja czy deportacja? Radziecka akcja repatriacyjna na Słowacji w latach 1945–1948