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EN
Linguistic statements, which belong to a class of assertive speech acts, are frequently analyzed separately from their producers as verbal actions used to reflect reality, which are later submitted to the verification of compliance with that same reality. The article presents the results of a study of selected acts performed in certain situations taking into account the mutual relation of particular participants of communication. The aim of the study is to determine the illocutionary strength of assertive speech acts on the level of written language on the basis of certain genres of texts. Source texts used in the study consist of selected magazine publications issued on the Polish press market.
EN
The article deals with selected aspects of Polish text linguistics research. It points to the diversity of defi nitions and the lack of clear criteria for the classifi cation of texts. There is also a lack of distinction between the text and the sentence or phrase, resulting from ambiguous features describing these terms. The article also indicates the variety of defi nitions of ‘coherence', ‘cohesion', ‘delimitation' etc., describing the text as a communication unit. On the basis of the anthropocentric theory of human languages the author presents the model of expression, which shows factors that infl uence the form and content of utterances, related to senders and recipients as well as a given situation/given circumstances. Linguistic expressions cannot be assigned a function or a communicative pragmatic view of the need to take account of linguistic and non-linguistic characteristics of senders and recipients of expressions and their ability to interpret these expressions. Each linguistic utterance is shaped according to the language skills and knowledge of the surrounding reality developed by the participants of the given communicative situation, and the analysis of the circumstances in which a given linguistic utterance is formed.
EN
The theme of the article is a description of possibilities of articulating a directive speech act. The author makes the form of expressing a DEMAND conditional on non-linguistic relationships between participants of a communication act. Based on the degree of interlocutors’ interdependence the form of a DEMAND may be the one of superiority, subordination or symmetry. The article describes various forms of verbalizing DEMANDS depending on relationships between a speaker and a listener as well as the ability of interpreting the directive speech act by the speaker and the listener.
EN
The article discusses unconventional aspects of cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian educators. It presents examples of cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian educators, taking into account atypical manifestations characteristic of non-formal relations. The article takes into account the analysis of team activities presented by M. Crozier and E. Friedberg. The situation resulting from the perversions of the brutal war in Ukraine is a dramatic illustration of this cooperation. In such conditions, Ukrainian and Polish educators pass the test of humanity by taking actions for the benefit of people who have suffered in the war. At the same time, they are continuing their academic work in which peace education has become a central issue.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań podjętych w artykule są niekonwencjonalne aspekty współpracy polskich i ukraińskich pedagogów. Na tle przedstawionej przez M. Croziera i E. Friedberga analizy działań zespołowych zaprezentowane zostały przykłady współdziałania polskich i ukraińskich pedagogów z uwzględnieniem nietypowych przejawów charakterystycznych dla pozaformalnych relacji. Dramatyczną ilustracją tej współpracy jest sytuacja wynikająca z wynaturzeń brutalnej wojny w Ukrainie. W takich warunkach ukraińscy i polscy pedagodzy zdają praktyczny egzamin z człowieczeństwa, podejmując działania na rzecz poszkodowanych w wojnie ludzi. Jednocześnie kontynuują działalność akademicką, w której edukacja dla pokoju stała się centralnym zagadnieniem.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane problemy ekonomiczno- -społeczne wyjazdów turystyczno-wypoczynkowych kobiet 50+ w świetle wyników badań ankietowych. Uwzględniając sytuację materialną badanych kobiet scharakteryzowano czasokres wyjazdów turystyczno-wypoczynkowych (krajowych i zagranicznych), wybór organizatorów wyjazdów oraz obciążenia finansowe budżetu domowego przeznaczone na wyjazdy turystyczne. Wyboru badanej kategorii kobiet dokonano celowo ze względu m.in. na zróżnicowane pełnione role, dłuższy wiek życia, niższy poziom sytuacji materialnej w porównaniu do mężczyzn. Z badań wynika, że sytuacja materialna kobiet 50+ determinuje czas wyjazdów turystyczno-wypoczynkowych krajowych i zagranicznych. Badane osoby były też świadome korzyści psychospołecznych i zdrowotnych tych wyjazdów, których szersze spożytkowanie było ograniczone ich niskim poziomem materialnym. W artykule wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego z zastosowaniem kwestionariusza ankiety. Ankieta przeprowadzona została w Poznaniu wśród 146 kobiet 50+. Wykorzystano również metodę analizy literatury przedmiotu.
EN
In the paper there are presented the chosen economic and social determinants of rest and travel vacations of women over 50 in the light of survey study results. It consists descriptions of material situation of surveyed women, duration of their rest and travel vacations (both domestic as well as international), their decisions considering a travel agency and share of home budget they spent on vacations. In the survey a purposive sampling was used. A selection of women to the study based on following categories: a complexity of their social role, higher life expectancy, lower level of their material situation in comparison to men. The results show that material situation of women over 50 determines duration of rest and travel vacations. This outcome is related to both domestic as well as international trips. The surveyed women were also aware that these vacations had their psychosocial and health advantages. Due to the fact that financial resources of women were limited, these advantages could not be used by them to a greater extent. The paper is based on the outcomes coming from the diagnostic survey. The survey was conducted in Poznań among 146 women over 50. It is important to note that authors decided to use an analysis of subject literature too.
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