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PL
Salvaged from the „Inhuman Land” – the History of Józef Torwiński, State Police InspectorInspector Józef Torwiński was born on 19 March 1890 in Lwów. He began serving in the State Police in 1919 and in February 1926 attained the rank of inspector at the headquarters of the VIII Lwów Police District; subsequently, he held the post of commander of the X Stanislawów Police District (from 1927), the II Łódź Police District (from 1928), and the I Warsaw Police District (from March 1939). After the outbreak of World War II Torwiński reached Kostopol, which the Soviet army occupied on 18 September. He was dispatched to a distributive camp in Kozielsk and then to a special NKVD camp in Ostashkovo. Torwiński was one of the 395 surviving Polish prisoners of war interned in Kozielsk, Starobielsk and Ostashkovo, and found himself in Pavlishchev Bor, from which he was transferred to Griaztsov on the Volga. After the signing of the Sikorski– Mayski pact, in the second half of October 1941 Torwiński was sent to Penza and entrusted with the task of establishing an institution that would direct discharged Poles to centres created for the formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the USSR; soon, he arrived in Buzuluk, Novosibirsk, and Yangiyul. After the evacuation of the Polish army from the Soviet Union Torwiński stayed in a camp for civilian refugees in Tehran. At the time, he was head of the General Department of Security and Order of the Social Care Delegature. Having left Iran, he lived in Africa (from the middle of 1947) and then returned to Poland where he settled down in Szczecin. Here, he became the object of interest of the local Voivodeship Public Security Office and in January 1951 was detained and interrogated, sharing copious information about the pre–September 1939 activity of the State Police. Two months later plans were made to use Torwiński as an informer. At the beginning of 1954 he was investigated by the functionaries of the Voivodeship Public Security Office in Łódź, who detained him in Szczecin upon the basis of the Decree of 22 January 1946 about responsibility for defeat in September 1939 and the Nazification of state life. Two months later, however, Torwiński was released owing to his ill heath. A further investigation was deemed purposeless due to the suspect’s age, the absence of incriminating evidence, and cooperation with the Szczecin Security Office (1949–1954). Preserved documents show that Torwiński was included in a survey campaign conducted in 1969 upon the order of the Second Department in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
EN
During the period of martial law, the judicial administration became – apart from the state security apparatus – one of the main tools used by the communist authorities to combat NSZZ “Solidarność”. The process discussed in the article was a consequence of the Security Service’s disclosure of a group of trade unionists involved in printing and distributing illegal materials in Tomaszów Mazowiecki. Two months later, the Military Garrison Prosecutor’s Office in Łódź, on the basis of the Decree of 12 December 1981 on martial law, opened an investigation into an alleged continuation of the suspended union, spreading “false messages” that could cause “public anxiety or riots” and editing, printing and distributing materials in a second print. A total of 12 people were arrested, 53 witnesses were questioned, and 33 searches were carried out. The trials before the Provincial Court in Piotrków Trybunalski took place on 17–19, 26 and 28 May 1982. Four persons were sentenced to two years in prison. A conditional suspension of the sentence was applied by the court in relation to 6 people. In relation to one person, the proceedings were discontinued, and one person was acquitted of the charges. On 12 January 1983, the Supreme Court suspended execution of the imprisonment sentences for four years, whilst the judgment of the Piotrków court was upheld in relation to the other defendants. After the collapse of the communist system in Poland it became possible to acquit the convicts, which the Supreme Court effected on 27 May 1993.
PL
Wymiar sprawiedliwości w okresie stanu wojennego stał się – obok aparatu bezpieczeństwa państwa – jednym z głównych narzędzi wykorzystywanych przez władze komunistyczne do zwalczania NSZZ „Solidarność”. Omawiany w artykule proces był konsekwencją rozpracowania przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa grupy związkowców zaangażowanych w druk i kolportaż na terenie Tomaszowa Mazowieckiego nielegalnych materiałów. Dwa miesiące później Wojskowa Prokuratura Garnizonowa w Łodzi na podstawie Dekretu z dnia 12 grudnia 1981 r. o stanie wojennym wszczęła śledztwo pod zarzutem kontynuowania działalności zawieszonego związku, rozpowszechniania „fałszywych wiadomości” mogących wywołać „niepokój publiczny lub rozruchy” oraz redagowania, druku i kolportażu materiałów bezdebitowych. Aresztowano łącznie 12 osób, przesłuchano 53 świadków i przeprowadzono 33 przeszukania. Rozprawy przed Sądem Wojewódzkim w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim odbyły się 17–19, 26 i 28 maja 1982 r. Na karę 2 lat bezwzględnego pozbawienia wolności zostały skazane 4 osoby, warunkowe zawieszenie wykonania kary sąd zastosował wobec 6 osób, wobec jednej postępowanie umorzył, a jedną – uniewinnił. Sąd Najwyższy 12 stycznia 1983 r. zawiesił na 4 lata wykonanie wyroków więzienia, wobec pozostałych osób utrzymano w mocy wyrok piotrkowskiego sądu. Po upadku systemu komunistycznego w Polsce możliwe stało się uniewinnienie skazanych, co SN uczynił 27 maja 1993 r.
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