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EN
The way the Japanese attribute the meaning to their world and how it becomes understandable to them seems particularly attractive. This attitude underlies the fundamental difference between the European and Japanese culture. A Westerner seeks to fully disclose the world, unveiling all its secrets. Accordingly, various strategies to achieve this goal have been developed in the Western culture, leading to different results. All scientific (philosophical) and non-scientific (commonsense) stands share a common conviction that truth is a Holy Grail of cognition, and that it is equally unattainable. The Japanese have been shaped by three religions: Shinto, Buddhism and Confucianism, and these regulate every aspect of their private as well as social functioning. An internal participant has no difficulties to adjust to the requirements of a particular religion. Likewise, the truth also acquires different meanings depending on the context. For an external observer, however, the overlapping of these diverse domains of life creates a problem, as it results in an original but complicated culture.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2012
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vol. 40
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issue 2
107 - 123
EN
Animal metaphors have been often used in European culture. Philosophers have used them since antiquity. Animals illustrate thoughts and arguments in their writings. Plato includes an almost complete zoological garden in his dialogues. There are both domestic and wild animals, employed for literary, psychological, didactic or educational reasons. The most famous animal, however, is the tortoise, well known from Zeno of Elea’s defense of the Parmenidean doctrines. The tortoise has been used in the writings of prominent philosophers such as Aristotle, Shaftesbury, Locke, Leibniz, Bergson and Russell.
EN
Aristotle’s concept of justice as an areté of logos is pinpointed in his main ideas. It serves as an introduction to the part of Pico’s philosophy. One of the main goals of his activity was to unify the ideas of Plato and Aristotle. The category of pax philosophica can be seen then as a test for the practical realisation of these ideas. Finally there are questions important for today’s man in the context of his present and future life. The most important, however, is the question of justice, which inevitably sends us to the question of logos as it is understood today.
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EN
The author suggests that pity, fear, and catharsis are experienced not only by the audience but by the playwright and actors as well. This, of course, inevitably involves him in the old problem of whether the actor himself must feel the emotions that he is trying to portray. Furthermore, Brunius suggests that the three elements are already inevidence in the original story behind the trage.
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O związkach sztuki i medycyny

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EN
The fundamental questions of the article are: What results from the relationship of art and medicine? What is the subject of ‘medical art’, and what are its features? Three aspects ‒ historical-technical, artistic, and philosophical ‒ are discussed in the three parts of the text. The second is important, because it specifically concerns the art of the twentieth century. Art related to medicine reveals a new dimension of existential problems. Corporeality, disease, and suffering are still taboo in Western culture. The artist is a therapist who reveals and tames, provokes disgust and curiosity. He is also a patient who suffers and shares his pain, who fears and tames the inevitable.
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Koniec historii i początek sztuki

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EN
The following text is an introductory to the issues included in the volume, and is focused on understanding history and two of its important concepts: progression and regression. Both of these concepts played an important part in understanding history, attributed to its sense or nonsense.
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Talenty na miarę Krakowa

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Natura – ciało – kultura. Uwagi na temat Japonii

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EN
The academic education of Roman Ingarden can be divided into five stages, involving four different universities. It began in Poland, in Lviv, and was continued abroad in Göttingen, Vienna, and Freiburg im Breisgau. In this review article we describe Ingarden's studies in Germany in 1912-1914 and 1915-1917 at the Georg August University in Göttingen and the Albert Ludwik University in Freiburg Baden. We characterize this study period in terms of the academic courses Ingarden attended, professors and tutors he met, and other students he came into contact with at the time. We also describe Ingarden's relationships with the so-called Göttingen Circle.
EN
During his academic career Roman Witold Ingarden met and cooperated with many prominent Polish women philosophers. In this review article we describe Ingarden's scientific cooperation and contacts with Daniela Gromska (1889-1973), Izydora Dąmbska (1904-1983), Danuta Gierulanka (1909-1995), Janina Makota (1921-2010), Maria Gołaszewska (1926-2015), Zofia Lissa (1908-1980) and Irena Sławińska (1913-2004). All archival materials presented in this article were found in Polish and European archives and digitized as part of a project financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland, entitled 'The Electronic Archive of Roman Ingarden: Unknown Correspondence and Academic Work of the Outstanding Polish Humanist'
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