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Evaluating the Regulatory Approach to Open Banking in Europe: An Empirical Study

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Polasik M., Butor-Keler A., Widawski P., Keler G.
Financial Law Review
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2024
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vol. 34
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issue 2
58-90
EN
This paper assesses the impact of the regulatory approach to open banking in Europe. The evaluation is based on a review of the revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2), Regulatory Technical Standards (RTS) and the studies of experts from 30 countries as part of the PayTechImpact.EU project. The study aims to examine the effects of the introduction of the PSD2 regulation in the EU. The results of the study reveal that PSD2 is an example of an effective lawmaking process. It focuses on stimulating innovation and creating new value for customers, while concurrently developing the competitiveness of the payment services market. EU regulation has proved to be an effective instrument for creating an open technical infrastructure in the payment services market. Infrastructure development within the European Community regulatory framework has lowered the entry barrier for payment services. Open banking has strengthened consumer security and resulted in fraud reduction. However, the high financial costs incurred in implementing PSD2 has limited its positive impact. The most important issues identified include inconsistent regulatory requirements for non-bank financial companies, the imperfect development of API-based open banking infrastructure, and problems with lost transactions. An analysis of the PSD3, PSR1, and FIDA regulatory proposals indicates that they adequately address the identified outcomes of PSD2 and expectations of financial sector stakeholders.
2
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Selected aspects of crime involving virtual currencies

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Opitek P., Butor-Keler A., Kanclerz K.
Terroryzm - studia, analizy, prewencja
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2023
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issue 4
325-376
EN
The article consists of two parts. The first discusses issues related to the functioning of the crypto-assets market in Poland and internationally and the planned changes in the regulations governing this market. They concern the legal status of digital tokens and their use in money laundering and terrorist financing, as well as the obligations of obliged institutions in the anti-money laundering system. The second part of the study focuses on procedural and non-procedural issues related to virtual currencies. The status of the digital artefact in criminal proceedings, operational work and the conduct of investigations with a view to combating cryptocurrency crime are discussed. The article concludes with demands addressed to law enforcement and law enforcement agencies. The aim of the article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the issues related to the use of virtual currencies in the commission of crimes, covering in particular AML and terrorist financing issues.
3
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Wybrane aspekty przestępczości z wykorzystaniem walut wirtualnych

100%
Opitek P., Butor-Keler A., Kanclerz K.
Terroryzm - studia, analizy, prewencja
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2023
|
issue 4
49-102
EN
The article consists of two parts. The first discusses issues related to the functioning of the crypto-assets market in Poland and internationally and the planned changes in the regulations governing this market. They concern the legal status of digital tokens and their use in money laundering and terrorist financing, as well as the obligations of obliged institutions in the anti-money laundering system. The second part of the study focuses on procedural and non-procedural issues related to virtual currencies. The status of the digital artefact in criminal proceedings, operational work and the conduct of investigations with a view to combating cryptocurrency crime are discussed. The article concludes with demands addressed to law enforcement and law enforcement agencies. The aim of the article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the issues related to the use of virtual currencies in the commission of crimes, covering in particular AML and terrorist financing issues.
PL
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej omówiono zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem rynku kryptoaktywów w Polsce i na świecie oraz planowanymi zmianami w przepisach regulujących ten rynek. Dotyczą one statusu prawnego tokenów cyfrowych i ich wykorzystania w procederze prania pieniędzy i finansowania terroryzmu oraz obowiązków instytucji obowiązanych w systemie przeciw-działania praniu pieniędzy. W drugiej części skupiono się na kwestiach procesowych i pozaprocesowych związanych z kryptowalutami. Omówiono status cyfrowego artefaktu w postępowaniu karnym, pracę operacyjną oraz prowadzenie śledztwa pod kątem zwalczania przestępczości kryptowalutowej. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono postulaty skierowane do organów ścigania i ochrony prawa. Celem artykułu jest przegląd problematyki dotyczącej wykorzystania walut wirtualnych w popełnianiu przestępstw, zwłaszcza zagadnień z zakresu przeciwdziałania praniu pieniędzy oraz finansowaniu terroryzmu.
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