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STRUCTURAL AND PROCESSUAL ASPECTS OF WORKING MEMORY: VERIFICATION OF SOME OF THE PREDICTIONS FORM BADDELEY'S AND COWAN'S MODELS.

100%
Orzechowski J., Balas R.
Psychological Studies
|
2006
|
vol. 44
|
issue 4
41-54
EN
The aim of presented studies was to determine which of the two alternative models of working memory (Baddeley's multiple-system model vs Cowan's single-system model) explains performance in various types of memory search task better. In two experiments the authors deal with the peculiar issue of working memory structure and possible role of activation mechanism in searching working memory contents. Both of them applied modified Sternberg's task in which after memorizing a sequence of elements participants had to judge whether the probe element was, or was not, present in the sequence. In Experiment I participants had to memorize stimuli in either one (verbal or visual) or multiple (verbal and visual) modality. In Experiment II subliminal visual priming was used to manipulate the activation of working memory content.The results of Experiment I suggest single-system coding of stimuli in working memory, whereas Experiment II results support the notion of activation as a working memory search mechanism.
2

THE FOCUS OF ATTENTION AND POSITION EFFECT IN WORKING MEMORY

81%
Balas R., Stettner Z., Piotrowski K. T.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
85-89
EN
Presented research deals with biphasal model of working memory search and the relationship between the sequential position of memorized stimuli and the focus of attention in working memory. The experiment applied modified Sternberg's procedure within which participants had to memorize sequentially presented set of stimuli (either verbal or non-verbal) and jugde whether the test stimulus was, or was not previously presented. The manipulation concerned the set size, type of required response (Yes or No), and stimuli presentation pace. The position of test stimulus in a previously presented set was controlled. The results confirmed the main hypothesis about negative relationship between stimulus postion in a set and accuracy of its identification, i.e. the earlier it occured in a sequence, the less accurate participants identified it. This effect was especially salient with non-verbal stimuli and faster presentation pace. Moreover, it occured that the capacity of focal attention is significantly less when participants had to memorize non-verbal stimuli than the verbal ones.
3

METHODS IN WORKING MEMORY RESEARCH

81%
Piotrowski K. T., Stettner Z., Balas R.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
1-16
EN
The paper reviews methods of investigation into the structure and functional role of working memory (WM). The methodology of WM studies are comprehensively analyzed from the perspective of two main theoretical approaches. Firstly, Alan Baddeley's multiple-systems model of WM serves as a ground for the review and analysis of different methodologies aimed at determining the capacity and functions of two slave subsystems (phonological loop and visual sketchpad) dedicated to storing and processing verbal and visual information, respectively. The advantages and limits of these are concerned as well. Secondly, Cowan's single-system model of WM based on activation mechanism is analyzed. The authors also present methods aimed at investigating control and executive functions of the WM system.
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