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Postawy adaptacyjne duchowieństwa wobec władzy w okresie PRL

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Wrona J.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica
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2013
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issue 9
46-55
EN
After World War II, the authorities intensively monitored the attitudes of the priests. It was an element of the wide-ranging policy of weakening the position of the Church and disintegration of the clergy. In their reports, the apparatus of the Polish United Workers’ Party and the workers of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland and the Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs placed the attitude of the priests into three groups: “reactionists”, “positive” and “undecided”. In the 1960s the third group was also called “moderate.” The biggest group of adaptive attitudes towards the existing system of the power consisted of priests classified by the authorities as “positive” and so-called “undecided” or “passive” priests. They tried to adapt to the tough conditions and to find their place in the existing reality to survive. They wanted to live peacefully. Many priests, due to their age, had no power to face the increasing confrontation with the authorities. Their attitude meant accepting the existing social and political order and limiting their activity only to the priestly activity. One also needs to take into consideration the various activities that were undertaken by the institutional Church and the priests who tried to make their activities more effective and adjust them to the evolving social and political conditions of the Polish People’s Republic. Co-operation of few of the priests with the Security Service is considered a specific and extreme form of the adaptive attitude.
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Rola PZPR w państwie i społeczeństwie polskim

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Wrona J.
Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
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2018
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issue 32
61-78
PL
PZPR powstała w 1948 r. i rządziła Polską 45 lat. Oznaczało to jej dominujący wpływ na dwa pokolenia Polaków. Realizowała ideologię marksizmu-leninizmu i zasadę trwałej podległości państwa Związkowi Sowieckiemu. Od początku istnienia sprawowała niemal absolutną kontrolę nad polityką wewnętrzną i zagraniczną kraju, administracją, sferą ekonomiczną i oficjalnymi przejawami życia społecznego. Przenikała przez wszystkie dziedziny aktywności Polski i jej obywateli. Najważniejszy stał się dla niej kolektywizm z centralnym planowaniem przyszłości społeczeństwa. Ekonomiczna i społeczna doktryna komunistów zakładała wyeliminowanie z życia gospodarczego własności prywatnej. Komunistyczne dogmaty i prymat polityki doprowadziły do całkowitej etatyzacji we wszystkich dziedzinach życia w państwie i ingerencji we wszystkie sfery życia obywateli, w tym najszerzej pojętą kulturę, obejmującą obyczaje i religię, oraz życie prywatne. U schyłku dekady lat siedemdziesiątych PZPR osiągnęła szczyt rozwoju – zrzeszała blisko 3,2 mln członków, czyli mniej więcej 15 proc. dorosłych mieszkańców Polski. Rządy PPR/PZPR doprowadziły do stworzenia totalitarnego ustroju państwa. Miał on na przestrzeni 45 lat zróżnicowaną dynamikę rozwoju. Mimo to fundamentalna zasada monopolu władzy komunistycznej i postrzegania państwa jako własności jednej partii była kanonem aż po rok 1989.
EN
The Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP) was established in 1948 and was ruling Poland for 45 years. This meant its dominant influence on two generations of Poles. It pursued the ideology of Marxism-Leninism and the principle of permanent subordination of Poland to the Soviet Union. From the beginning of its existence, it exercised almost absolute control of the country’s internal and foreign policy, administration, the economic sphere and official manifestations of social life. It penetrated into all areas of activity of Poland and its citizens. Collectivism with central planning of the society’s future became the most important for it. The economic and social doctrine of communists assumed the elimination of private property from the economic life. Communist dogmas and the primacy of politics led to a total State control in all areas of life in the country and interference in all spheres of citizens’ lives, including the most broadly understood culture, including customs and religion, and private life. At the end of the 70s, the PUWP reached its peak – it brought together nearly 3.2 million members, i.e. around 15 per cent of adult inhabitants of Poland. The rule of PWP/PUWP led to the creation of a totalitarian regime of the State. Over the course of 45 years, it had varied development dynamics. Nevertheless, the fundamental principle of the monopoly of communist power and the perception of the State as the ownership of one party was a canon until 1989.
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