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PL
The Limitation of the Right to Public Information in the Rulings of Administrative Courts: Selected IssuesIn modern democracies, the right to public information is the basis of functioning of states and international organisations. In Poland, the right to information, as introduced in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and regulated in the Act on Access to Public Information, provides citizens with extensive possibilities of  controlling the state’s transparency. In the Act, access to public information is dened very broadly and covers almost everything that is related to the activity of public authorities. However, this right cannot be of absolute nature. For various reasons, access to public information must be limited. However, such limitations should be  exceptions and cannot violate the essence of the right of access to public information, as referred to in the Constitution and the Act on Access to Public Information.In recent years, there has been adramatic increase in the number of requests for public information and public institutions issue decisions to refuse to provide such information. These decisions are then examined by administrative courts. In such cases, administrative courts play avery important role as in their rulings they dene the fundamental concepts included in the Act on Access to Public Information and specify the scope of public information subject to disclosure.The article contains adetailed analysis of abody of rulings of administrative courts concerning the limitation of the right to public information due to personal data protection, business secrets and the value of processed information, which is related to an additional requirement of the applicant acting in public interest. It must be added that rulings on providing access to public information are inconsistent and changeable, which makes it substantially more dicult for public administration authorities to carry out this constitutional right.
EN
The fundamental objective of the European Union law is to develop the internal market and eliminate all barriers to its functioning. Since the taxation systems of EU member states are highly varied, one of the elements of common market development is the harmonisation of tax regulations. This article contributes to the discussion by indicating the necessity to harmonise various taxation systems of the European Union with respect to the corporate tax.The European Commission has prepared a draft directive in accordance with which the way the tax base is determined would be subject to harmonisation, whereas tax rates would be set by individual member states. The author claims that the common consolidated corporate tax base would lead to the simplification of the provisions of tax law, limitation of costs related to tax documentation and elimination of all barriers resulting from the activity of companies in two or more member states.The process of tax harmonisation is inevitable in the long term and constitutes a natural outcome of integration processes. The concept of a single and common tax policy is the basic condition for the European Union to gain strength in terms of its competitiveness against other economies, such as theUSAorChina.
PL
Podstawowym celem prawa Unii Europejskiej jest rozwój rynku wewnętrznego i znoszenie wszelkich barier w jego funkcjonowaniu. Jednym z elementów rozwoju wspólnego rynku jest harmonizacja przepisów podatkowych, gdyż systemy podatkowe państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej są bardzo zróżnicowane. Artykuł podejmuje głos w dyskusji dotyczący potrzeby ujednolicenia różnych systemów podatkowych Unii Europejskiej w podatku od przedsiębiorstw.Komisja Europejska przygotowała projekt dyrektywy, zgodnie z którym harmonizacji podlegałby sposób ustalania podstawy opodatkowania, natomiast o wysokości stawek podatkowych decydowałyby poszczególne państwa członkowskie. Zdaniem autora wspólna skonsolidowana podstawa opodatkowania przedsiębiorców korporacyjnych prowadziłaby do uproszczenia przepisów prawa podatkowego, ograniczenia kosztów związanych z dokumentacją podatkową oraz likwidacją wszelkich barier wynikających z działalności przedsiębiorstw w dwóch lub więcej państwach członkowskich.Proces harmonizacji podatkowej w dłuższej perspektywie czasowej jest zjawiskiem nieuchronnym i stanowi naturalny skutek procesów integracyjnych. Idea jednolitej i wspólnej polityki podatkowej jest podstawowym warunkiem wzmocnienia konkurencyjności całej Unii na tle innych gospodarek, takich jak USA czy Chiny.
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