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EN
The article discusses the factors for the formation of the Sandomierz bridgehead in July and August 1944. It also draws attention to the most important aspects connected with the subsequent brief functioning of the military and civilian administration, less than half a year, in administering a fragment of the pre-war Kielce voivodeship. One of the most important issues connected with installing the communist government on the bridgehead was the establishment of the state security apparatus structures, including the Citizens’ Militia. On the basis of the findings so far and as a result of archival searches, the article outlines the beginnings of the Citizens’ Militia in the Sandomierz bridgehead. The activities of the militia are presented in a document prepared by Major Józef Kratka, an officer of the Citizens’ Militia Headquarters in Lublin. In the first days of January 1945, he carried out a comprehensive inspection of the voivodeship command, together with his companions Stanisław Glinka and Grzegorz Rajewicz. As a result, an extensive report was prepared, discussing the current state of MO functioning in the bridgehead. The document shows the internal structure of the command and the level of organisation of the field commands and posts subordinate to it. It also contains valuable information on the staff and the officers’ place in the ruling system at that time, as well as shedding some light on the problem of the professed everyday reality of the first militia.
PL
W artykule omówiono okoliczności ustanowienia przyczółka sandomierskiego w lipcu i sierpniu 1944 r. Zwrócono uwagę także na najważniejsze aspekty związane z późniejszym, niespełna półrocznym funkcjonowaniem wojskowej i cywilnej administracji zarządzającej fragmentem przedwojennego województwa kieleckiego. Jedną z ważniejszych kwestii związanych z instalowaniem władzy komunistycznej na przyczółku było ustanowienie struktur aparatu bezpieczeństwa państwa, w tym Milicji Obywatelskiej. W oparciu o dotychczasowe ustalenia, a także w efekcie przeprowadzonych kwerend archiwalnych w artykule zarysowano początki MO na przyczółku sandomierskim. Działania milicji przedstawia dokument przygotowany przez mjr. Józefa Kratkę ‒ funkcjonariusza Komendy Głównej MO w Lublinie. W pierwszych dniach stycznia 1945 r. wraz ze Stanisławem Glinką i Grzegorzem Rajewiczem dokonał on całościowej inspekcji komendy wojewódzkiej. W efekcie został przygotowany obszerny raport omawiający aktualny stan funkcjonowania MO na przyczółku. Dokument ukazuje strukturę wewnętrzną komendy oraz stopień zorganizowania podległych jej komend terenowych i posterunków. Zawiera także cenne informacje dotyczące obsady personalnej, miejsca funkcjonariuszy w ówczesnym systemie władzy oraz rzuca nieco światła na problem tzw. codzienności pierwszych milicjantów.
EN
This article is part of a current of research into social history during the Second World War, dealing with how the Red Army’s Sandomierz-Baranów bridgehead on the western bank of the Vistula operated from the second half of 1944 to the beginning of 1945. It draws upon testimonies confirming the occurrence of the phenomenon of the so-called ‘frontline oppression’ at the Sandomierz bridgehead. This term has been used to describe the negative aspects associated with the period when Soviet troops were stationed there. The forms of oppression included crimes and offences committed by individual soldiers or groups of Red Army soldiers against the inhabitants of the bridgehead or their property. In addition, other forms of oppression included organised actions, involving the over-exploitation of the products and raw materials from the area. Both individual and collective actions of this nature contributed to the deterioration of the quality of life and the condition of the community residing at the bridgehead at the time. The Sandomierz bridgehead was one of several parts of Polish territory where the German occupying authorities’ writ had ceased to run. The civilian administration was being exercised by offices subordinate to the Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN), an authority dependent on and subordinate to the Soviet Union. Thus, the region of interest was part of a state which the Soviet authorities recognised as their ally. Despite that, the circumstances accompanying the stationing of the ‘allied’ Red Army at the bridgehead are much different from those that have been perpetuated over the years giving a one-sided and false picture of the presence of Soviet troops on Polish territory after 1944.
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