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CLAY DAUB KOLOVÉ STAVBY LENGYELSKEJ KULTÚRY. PÔDORYSY, INTERIÉR A ICH FUNKCIA

100%

Pavúk J.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2012

vol. 60

issue 2

251 – 284

The origin of the Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture formed on the basis of the final Linear Pottery Culture and its Želiezovce group in the primary territory of the western part of Carpathian Basin brought an essential change in all economic, social and cultural areas. In addition to monumental circle objects, the extent of changes is shown also by a principally new ground-plan and construction of stockade buildings. The construction of the garret in the house meant a main innovation in the Lengyel Culture building. Unlike the Linear Pottery Culture, there was a substantial change in the house ground-plan, since the construction of the roof frame with the rooftop was moved to the garret. The supporting posts of the roof frame within the house were not necessary anymore, which resulted in a more comfortable living area. The Lengyel Culture architecture, as well as its spiritual and material culture, thus came closer to the building style present in the contemporary cultures of the Tisa River Basin and in the adjacent Balkans, mainly in the Vinča-Pločnik Culture. The author classifies ground-plans of the Lengyel Culture´s stockade buildings according to a form, size, number of rooms, as well as according to the kind of foundations (post holes, foundation channels) and distinguishes nine types with variants. Changes in the development of buildings were occurring concordantly with the development stages of the culture, and the differences were tied to regional groups of Lengyel Culture. There occur also two types of small stockade buil-dings – with floors and stockade construction in a deep ditch (Těšetice-Kyjovice, Osterhofen-Schmiedorf), and above ground (Branč). In the underground part there could be a cellar covered with a floor, and in the overground part a granary. The clay models of buildings with the depicted clay plaster on the whole surface including the roof frame (Kočín, Střelice, Horná Seč), depict overground granaries for corn. The clay plaster over the whole surface isolated the construction against fire. Little stockade buildings served as a farm facilities, as well as granaries for corn. Remnants of a burnt house from the settlement in a dry river bed in Budmerice document the existence of a garret, interior and equipment of a house belonging to the Ludanice group of the Late Lengyel Culture. The atypical house contained three fireplaces around which there were containers and pairs of clay discs. The characterised house types were built at the time following the decline of Linear Pottery Culture and preceding the origin of the Baden Culture.

TYPOLOGIE UND CHRONOLOGIE DER NEOLITHISCHEN ALTÄRCHEN AUF DEM BALKAN

63%

Pavúk J., Bakămska A.

Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2014

vol. 62

issue 1

1 – 82

Crucial for the present article is the following assessment: Protostarčevo, as defined by D. Srejović (Donja Branjevina, Gura Baciului, Grivac Groups), is not a genetic and culture-chronological part of the Protostarčevo Culture in its primary zone in the central Balkans. According to the present authors it is later and represents already an early phase of the Starčevo-Criş Culture on the territory along the Danube. The proper early Neolithic is evidenced only through the monochrome pottery from settlements Padina B, Lepenski Vir and Donja Branjevina III. The basis of the present study are the stratigraphicaly and culturally fixed altars from the tell settlement of Gălăbnik, located on the upper Struma inhabited subsequently by the Gălăbnik Group, Starčevo Culture in the Middle Neolithic. For the Gălăbnik Group triangular-shaped altars with hemispherical container decorated by rows of embossed triangles of type A were characteristic. During the Starčevo Culture settlement phase they were replaced by triangular-shaped altars with triangular container, decorated with incisions of type B. Less numerous were square-shaped altars of type D and altars with cylindrical or bowl-shaped container of type F. The Middle Neolithic altars were likewise triangular-shaped but with various types of engraved ornament of type C. In contrast, the Starčevo-Criş Culture altars, on the territory along the Danube, had always four legs and a bowl-shaped container of the types I – K, on square or round platform. Intercultural comparison demonstrates that the altars, just like pottery, were associated with the culturally defined entities according to shapes and decoration on vessels. The groups of the southern Balkans (Kovačevo, Velušina-Porodin, Podgorie) preferred square-shaped altars of type M. The triangular-shaped altars were common in the upper Struma and most of Bulgaria, and four-legged altars being an exclusive type in Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Hungary. Absence of authentic archaeological contexts makes it difficult to interpret their function. Firs the altars appeared in the Balkans in the cultures with white-painted pottery (Hoca Çeşme II and the Gălăbnik Group). Due to the absence of the Balkan-type altars in Anatolia, an eastern origin cannot be suggested. They did not penetrate to the Europe with the spread of Neolithic way of life, but should be considered as an independent invention by the local Balkan groups successfully establishing permanent settlements with developed economic and social structure in the southeastern Europe.

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2 Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)

2 Pavúk J.

1 Bakămska A.

1 2014

1 2012

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CLAY DAUB KOLOVÉ STAVBY LENGYELSKEJ KULTÚRY. PÔDORYSY, INTERIÉR A ICH FUNKCIA

TYPOLOGIE UND CHRONOLOGIE DER NEOLITHISCHEN ALTÄRCHEN AUF DEM BALKAN