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1
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SOCIAL CLASSES AND CLUSTERS: BASED ON EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

100%
Menshikov V.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2016
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issue 1
59-72
EN
The aim of the paper is to consider the situation with the social class stratification in Latvia. The focus is on the middle social class, due to the significance of this class both for the economic growth and the achievement of the sustainable, long-term development of the country. The subject of sociological research - formation of class stratification in the region (estimated on the basis of cluster analysis), the main characteristics of the selected clusters based on the analysis of the volumes and structure of total resources and aggregate capital. The clustering of the population of Latgale applying the 3 variables shows only two clusters. The first of them (Cluster 1) makes up only 6%: average income per a family member per month made 503 LVL, level of education - incomplete higher, self-identified class - middle stratum. The majority of our respondents made up the second cluster (Cluster 2): average income of 151 LVL, level of education - secondary professional, self-identified class - lower middle class/upper working class. The analysis of the data (Tables 3 and 4) shows that the structure of the aggregate resource of the representatives of the first cluster (Cluster 1) and the one of aggregate capital are dominated by the same “powers of social improvement”: cultural, economic, vocational and educational. Relative scarcity of vocational and educational resources and, in particular, cultural ones among the representatives of the second cluster is due in large part to their “dissent” to the hierarchy of social stratification; it does not allow a very large proportion of the population of our region really claim a place in the middle class. In the conclusion of the article, the controversial issues of classes in modern societies are analyzed.
2
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СОЦИОЛОГИ О МЕНЯЮЩЕЙСЯ СОЦИАЛЬНОСТИ

100%
Menshikov V.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
|
2020
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issue 2
22-39
EN
In the present article, the author considers the topical issue of human-machine collaboration, as interest in such an issue is caused not only by the technical and economic consequences of the broadening of the scope of artificial sociality. The article aims to clarify the scientific and theoretical prerequisites for the statements made by some sociologists on the emergence and broadening of the scope of artificial sociality as a real result of human-machine communication. This is achieved by solving the following tasks: 1) analysis of the scientists’ and researchers’ statements either on the presence or the fundamental impossibility of artificial sociality; 2) analysis of N. Luhmannís theory on communication as the basis of sociality; 3) considering some assessments by certain authors given to the deepening of human-machine cooperation, which contribute to the broadening of the scope of artificial sociality; 4) outlining further directions for studying the artificial sociality. In the given article, the author uses the methods of comparative analysis, analogy, generalization, classification, structural-functional and semiotic methods. All of them are united within an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the stated theory. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comparative historical analysis of the concepts of changing sociality, especially N. Luhmann’s theory of communication. This allowed the author to formulate his own definition of sociality - natural and artificial - from the point of view of the sociology. The author understands sociality as the essence of communication of agents, who autonomously function in a self-organizing network of an autopoiesis nature. In the final part of the article, the author considers several issues that demand more active and innovative participation of sociologists in their solution: the need of a new methodology for assessing the scope and consequences of the broadening of artificial sociality in the short-term and the long-term; study of the forms of organizing contact between humans and devices with artificial intelligence, especially in the case of machines using non-binary logic; the role of culture in broadening human-machine collaboration.
3
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TOPICALITY OF CYBERBULLYING AMONG TEENAGERS IN RUSSIA AND LATVIA

51%
Boronenko V., Menshikov V., Marzano G.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2013
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issue 2
84-104
EN
Cyberbullying can be defined as an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself. A similar definition is worked out by the Information Technologies Group of the Center for International Development at the Harvard University and, in virtue of its generality, it complies with the notion of cyberbullying used by many researchers in Europe, Australia and the USA. The geographic scope of the present article is focused on Russia and Latvia, with some references to East Europe countries. An intriguing indication arises from our investigation: in spite of the daily topicality of cyberbullying among teenagers of Russia and Latvia, in these countries are not any or just few significant scientific researches on cyberbullying and cyber violence. Starting from the above observation, this article presents some reflections on the topicality of cyberbullying and on the absence of adequate scientific and practical feedback in Russia and Latvia. The article is divided into two main parts: the first part is devoted to the cyberbullying context in Russia and Latvia, while in the second one the authors provide some considerations about a possible relationship between cyberbullying and culturally historical heritage in post-communist countries. The methods used in the research: analysis of scientific literature and media materials from English, Russian and Latvian scientific and media space, secondary analysis of sociological surveys’ data, cluster analysis and correlation analysis. The results of the research show that the main reasons of cyberbullying paradox in the teenager population of Russia and Latvia are the following: historical heritage of violence from totalitarian political regimes when state powerful persons were cruel and boorish in their daily practice; collective – even “herd” – societal culture where people are divided on “ours” and “non-ours”. The solutions of the problem suggested by the authors are the following: 1) conceptual and complex understanding of current situation; 2) taking into consideration cultural context; 3) target managing of social networks in schools; 4) non-using of cruel and terror methods. The core idea of the paper – the main premise of the success of anti-bullying policy is that non-bullying behavior has to be psychologically, socially and economically beneficial in the society as a whole.
4
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Adjusting institutional environment of banks to climate change and risks

51%
Šipilova V., Menshikov V., Baltgailis J.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2022
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issue 1
7-25
EN
Adjusting institutional environment of banks to climate change and risks Climate change issues increase the role of sustainable economic growth, which requires sustain#able financial sector. For development of sustainable financial sector, results of scientific studies demonstrate a special role of banks, which are able to generate private investments for environmental and consequent socio-economic challenges. According to scientific literature, the authors emphasize that involvement of banks in development of sustainable financial sector depends on three directions for addressing climate change in financial sector - climate risks assessment practices, regulatory framework that takes into account climate change and characteristics of climate risks, corporate social responsibility. Additionally, the recent knowledge displays that climate change appears as cascading risks with possible negative effects on soundness of banking sector. As far as institutional environment of banks is substantial for their soundness, special attention has to be paid to its characteristics in the context of climate change and climate risks, which actualize necessity of adjustments. The aim of the present study is to find, which accents appear for each factor of institutional environment of banks as well as to expand a set of factors by understanding a place of climate change and climate risks through their effects on financial sector. As a result of the analysis, for the institutional environment of banks, the authors indicate new accents, which appear due to climate change and climate risks as well as offer additional factors such as regulatory framework for banks in terms of climate change, social responsibility of banks related to climate change as well as application of financial instruments for development of technologies for solving environmental issues. The novelty of research appears in the complex considering of institutional environment of banks in the context of climate change what rarely is presented in studies.
LV
Klimata pārmaiņu radītas problēmas palielina ilgtspējīgas ekonomiskās izaugsmes lomu, kurai ir nepieciešams ilgtspējīgs finanšu sektors. Zinātnisko pētījumu rezultāti parāda, ka ilgtspējīga finanšu sektora attīstībā īpašu lomu spēlē bankas, kuras spēj piesaistīt privātās investīcijas vides un no tiem izrietošiem sociālekonomiskiem izaicinājumiem. Analizējot zinātnisko literatūru, autori uzsver, ka banku iesaiste ilgtspējīga finanšu sektora attīstībā ir saistīta ar trim virzieniem, kuri nosaka, kā risināt klimata pārmaiņu jautājumus finanšu sektorā - klimata risku novērtēšanas praksēm, normatīvo regulējumu, kas ņem vērā klimata pārmaiņas un klimata risku iezīmes, korporatīvo sociālo atbildību. Turklāt, jaunāko pētījumu rezultāti parāda, ka klimata pārmaiņas parādās kā kaskādes riski ar iespējamu negatīvu ietekmi uz banku sektora stabilitāti. Tā kā banku institucionālā vide ir būtiska to stabilitātei, īpaša uzmanība jāpievērš tās īpatnībām klimata pārmaiņu un klimata risku kontekstā, kas aktualizē nepieciešamību pielāgoties. Šī pētījuma mērķis ir noteikt jaunus akcentus katram banku institucionālās vides faktoram kā arī paplašināt faktoru kopumu, izprotot klimata pārmaiņu un klimata risku vietu caur to ietekmi uz finanšu sektoru. Analīzes rezultātā autori parāda jaunus akcentus banku institucionālajā vidē, kas parādās klimata pārmaiņu un klimata risku ietekmē, kā arī piedāvā papildu faktorus, kā piemēram, banku normatīvais regulējums un banku sociālā atbildība klimata pārmaiņu jomā, kā arī finanšu instrumentu pielietošana tehnoloģiju izstrādei apkārtējās vides problēmu risināšanai. Pētījuma novitāte parādās kompleksajā banku institucionālās vides analīzē klimata pārmaiņu kontekstā, kas pētījumos tiek atspoguļots reti.
RU
Проблемы изменения климата повышают роль устойчивого экономического роста, для которого необходим устойчивый финансовый сектор. Результаты научных исследований демонстрируют, что особую роль для развития устойчивого финансового сектора играют банки, которые способны привлекать частные инвестиции для решения экологических и вытекающих из них социально-экономических задач. После анализа научной литературы, авторы подчеркивают, что участие банков в развитии устойчивого финансового сектора связано с тремя направлениями для действий с изменением климата в финансовом секторе – практиками оценки климатических рисков, развитием нормативно-правовой базы согласно тенденциям изменения климата и особенностями климатических рисков, корпоративной социальной ответственностью. Кроме того, результаты новейших исследований показывают, что изменение климата проявляется в виде каскадных рисков с возможным негативным воздействием на стабильность банковского сектора. Поскольку институциональная среда банков существенна для их стабильности, особое внимание необходимо уделять ее характеристикам в контексте изменения климата и климатических рисков, что актуализирует необходимость адаптации. Целью настоящего исследования является определение новых акцентов для факторов институциональной среды банков и расширение набора факторов за счет понимания места изменения климата и климатических рисков через их влияние на финансовый сектор. В результате анализа для институциональной среды банков авторы указывают новые акценты, которые появляются в связи с изменением климата и климатическими рисками, а также предлагают дополнительные факторы, такие как нормативно-правовая база для банков и социальная ответственность банков в условиях изменения климата, применение финансовых инструментов для разработки технологий для решения экологических проблем. Новизна исследования заключается в комплексном рассмотрении институциональной среды банков в контексте изменений климата, что редко представлено в исследованиях.
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THE PLACE OF FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGIES WITHIN INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF BANKS AND THEIR EVALUATION

51%
Šipilova V., Menshikov V., Baltgailis J.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2020
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issue 2
114-126
EN
The article aims to clarify the place of financial technologies within institutional environment of banks and to consider approaches for their evaluation. For the purpose of the article, the authors use the experience presented in scientific literature. Financial technologies (widely called as Fintech) have great role for bank successful functioning and competing and can be considered as meaningful element of versatile nature of institutional environment of banks. In its sense, Fintech has not univocal definition. The main distinguishing feature between varied meanings for Fintech relates to understanding whether Fintech is innovative process or participant of financial market. However, all possible meanings devoted to the sense of Fintech relate to the core term - technologies. Thus, the place of Fintech within institutional environment of banks has to be clarified according to varied definitions, but related to technologies. As a result, according to the authors’ supposition Fintech place within institutional environment of banks could be included in the technological conjuncture and considered in context of impact (from Fintech), interaction (with Fintech) and integration (of Fintech). Similarly, the question on evaluation of Fintech is analysed according to their impact, interaction and integration. It is noteworthy that indicators used for evaluation of Fintech relate not only particularly to financial market and financial institutions but also to general characteristics when most of them represent also other scientific disciplines than economics. Mix of indicators used for Fintech evaluation demonstrates transdisciplinary approach for solving the questions of financial nature. The results of the study offer a structured approach to understanding the place of financial technologies within institutional environment of banks and a classified set of thematic indicators for evaluation of financial technologies.
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INSTITUCIONĀLĀS VIDES ATTĪSTĪBA UN BANKU STABILITĀTE LATVIJĀ

51%
Baltgailis J., Menshikov V., Šipilova V.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
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2018
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issue 2
61-72
EN
Institutional environment and its quality are significant for the soundness of banks. In this context, it is of high importance to detect correctly those spheres of institutional environment, which are the most important for the soundness of banks and require improvements in each concrete case. During the analysis, the authors of the paper pay attention exactly to the development of institutional environment of bank sector and topical risks for the soundness of banks in Latvia. The authors study changes of the institutional environment of bank sector in Latvia, as well as find the linkage between institutions introduced in to the Latvian bank sector during the time analysed and the soundness of banks. As a result of the analysis, the authors offer periodization of the development of institutional environment of bank sector taking into account significant events for development of institutional environment and soundness of banks. The authors also demonstrate the linkage between the elements of institutional environment that are potentially significant for the soundness of banks and soundness of banks. Novelty of the research appears in the authors’ approach to evaluate the soundness of banks in Latvia in context of quality of institutional environment, as well as internationally comparable data of Global Competitiveness Report. These allow detecting the most significant elements of institutional environment for the soundness of banks in Latvia.
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