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Digital borders in the European Union

100%
Parra Rodriguez C.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
|
2020
|
issue 2
193-217
PL
Świat mierzy się z nowym porządkiem geopolitycznym, w którym media cyfrowe zmieniły zasady gry. Granice są zacierane i zarówno przedsiębiorstwa, jak i konsumenci starają się znaleźć równowagę pomiędzy dostępem do wolnego rynku a ograniczeniami, które chronią ustalone interesy gospodarcze. Uwzględniając te aspekty, Unia Europejska podejmuje działania w celu restrukturyzacji rynku poprzez zastosowanie globalnych rozwiązań, które jednakowoż stoją w sprzeczności ze środkami ochrony wymaganymi przez podmioty gospodarcze, blokujące dostęp do usług i swobodny przepływ towarów za pomocą tzw. blokowania geograficznego (geoblocking). Praktyka ta polega na blokowaniu dostępu do usług i/lub innych towarów uzależnionych od geograficznego pochodzenia użytkownika/klienta bądź za pomocą przekierowywania użytkowników na lokalne strony internetowe lub poprzez ograniczenie dostępu do ich oferty. Fakt, że stowarzyszenia konsumenckie i użytkownicy platform cyfrowych uznali te działania za rzeczywisty atak na cyfrowy rynek wewnętrzny, skłonił organy Unii Europejskiej do podjęcia kroków legislacyjnych w tej sprawie. Z tego powodu Komisja Europejska zainicjowała przyjęcie rozporządzenia 2018/302, mającego na celu zwalczanie praktyk blokowania geograficznego oraz innych form dyskryminacji klientów ze względu na przynależność państwową, miejsce zamieszkania lub miejsce prowadzenia działalności na rynku wewnętrznym. Niniejsza praca prezentuje uzasadnienie podjętych środków zabezpieczających oraz ich usytuowanie w globalnej geoekonomii.
EN
The world is facing a new geoeconomic order in which digital media has changed the rules of the game. Borders are fuzzy and both companies and consumers try to strike a balance between free market access and the restrictions that protected economic interests establish. Based on these parameters, the European Union is trying to restructure the single market by applying global solutions that nevertheless collide with the protection measures demanded by economic operators, blocking the provision of services and the free movement of goods through so-called geoblocking. This practice consists of blocking access to services and/or the offer of products depending on the geographical origin of the user/client, either by redirecting users to local websites or simply by restricting access to their product brochure. The fact that consumer associations and users of digital platforms have considered this blockade as a real attack on the digital single market has led the European Union to seek legislative solutions. That is why the European Commission has promoted Regulation 2018/302, which aims to prevent unjustified geographical blocking and other forms of discrimination based on the nationality, place of residence or place of establishment of clients in the internal market. The justification of these protective measures as well as their location in the global geoeconomic space are studied in this work.
2
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Ethical principles in the use of Artificial Intelligence in the financial sector from a European perspective

100%
Parra Rodriguez C.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
|
2022
|
issue 1
199-221
EN
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become part of our daily lives and is a fundamental tool for developing private and professional operations. In this sense, one of the sectors where AI has had the greatest impact has been the financial sector, where it is necessary to establish a regulatory framework to address two fundamental issues to ensure its proper functioning, specifically those aspects that affect digital transparency and neutral algorithms.             To address both aspects, the European Union, through its various institutions, has established guidelines for Member States to apply ethical principles that align financial digitalisation with sustainability and the Sustainable Development Goals set out in the 2030 Agenda. These ethical values have been regrouped in a series of principles that must be present in the legislation that regulates future financial operations, ensuring their application within the territory of the European Union.             In this regard, financial digitalisation must ensure principles that control risks, creating technologically applicable rules for all sectors that guarantee a level playing field between States without fragmenting the internal market. To this end, they must carry out a prior impartial and external assessment for each operation, based on specific and defined criteria that do not violate fundamental rights or the security standards established in EU law. The methodology used in this article is descriptive, compiling European regulatory projects, taking into account academic studies on ethics in the financial sector.
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