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EN
In Polish dictionaries, opposition is defined primarily as disagreement, no agreement. In the article Is it easy to hide mutual disagreement? – about linguistic manifestations of opposition in Stanisław Wyspiański's "The Wedding" Agata Pławecka examines opposition as an act of speech which emerges from disagreement and at the same time reveals it, constituting one of the stages of an argumentative dialogue. The purpose of the text is to present linguistic signals of opposition to socially established ideas about the representatives of confronting social strata and to describe how these signals function in a literary text. On their basis, the chapter reconstructs sources of social disagreement from the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Research was conducted on Stanisław Wyspiański’s drama "The Wedding", which characterizes the Polish society of that time. The author of the article focuses on the description of opposition formulas which, according to the adopted methodology of Christian Plantin, introduce the opposite discourse and argumentation of the other person. The study shows that opposition is an important element of dialogues that appear in "The Wedding". Linguistic signals of opposition are revealed by the characters of the drama despite the social wedding situation, which would force all invited guests to maintain equality and mutual agreement. Analyses demonstrate that the literary text contains various types of opposition. This article presents divisions into: 1) independent and dependent oppositions; 2) explicit and implicit oppositions. Results indicate that the sources of social disagreement in the Young Poland era included, among others, factors such as: differences in the way of perceiving the world caused by having alternative types of knowledge about reality (resulting from different ways of creating this knowledge; thinking based on stereotypes vs thinking based on experience and observations); deficits in knowledge about the habits and mentality of different social strata members; ignorance, prejudice, aversion, and contempt for Otherness, associated with an exaggerated conviction of one's superiority; lack of faith in the possibility of uniting different communities, lack of willingness to really come to know another person and confront the common beliefs about represedifferent social group representatives with reality.
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Współczesne funkcje wołacza

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EN
The vocative is a specific grammatical case. For years, it has been ascribed various functions and the possibilities of integrating it into the sentence have been widely discussed. Additionally, opinions still are voiced that it gradually disappears in the Polish language. The purpose of this work is to identify and describe functions associated with the vocative by the contemporary users of the Polish language. Their beliefs concerning the possible usage of this grammatical case are put under analysis. The subject of investigation is the linguistic awareness – a notion synonymous with linguistic competence – of the vocative’s function declared by the contemporary Poles. The research material was collected from a survey carried out among 268 inhabitants of Kraków in the years 2016–2017. The results of the analysis were divided according to two groups: the younger generation (143 students aged 12–13 years) and the older generation (125 employees and the retired aged 24–81 years). The author-designed method of description was used, taking into account the current state of research into the usage of the vocative case in the Polish language. Three general categories of responses were identified, pointing to particular functions of the vocative: expressive, addressative, and impressive. The results of the study demonstrated that the respondents are most clearly aware of the addressative function, related mainly to calling or addressing somebody or something. They definitely less frequently quote the expressive and impressive functions. The obtained responses imply also that the vocative is related to the rest of the utterance in particular situations.
PL
Wołacz to przypadek szczególny. Od lat przypisywane są mu różne funkcje, a możliwość jego zespolenia ze zdaniem podlega licznym dyskusjom. Dodatkowo wciąż pojawiają się poglądy o jego stopniowym zanikaniu w języku polskim. Celem pracy jest wyodrębnienie oraz opisanie funkcji, z którymi kojarzą wołacz współcześni użytkownicy polszczyzny. Analiza obejmuje charakterystyczne dla tych osób przekonania dotyczące możliwych zastosowań tego przypadka. Przedmiot badań stanowi deklarowana świadomość językowa współczesnych Polaków w zakresie funkcji wołacza, stanowiąca pojęcie synonimiczne do językowej kompetencji. Materiał badawczy zebrano na podstawie ankiety przeprowadzonej pośród 268 krakowian w latach 2016–2017. Analiza uwzględnia podział na pokolenie młodsze (143 osoby uczące się i studiujące w wieku od 12 do 23 lat) oraz pokolenie starsze (125 osób: pracujący i emeryci w przedziale wiekowym od 24 do 81 lat). Materiał opracowano na podstawie własnej metody opisu, uwzględniającej dotychczasowy stan badań na temat użycia wołacza w języku polskim. Wskazania poczynione przez ankietowanych posłużyły do wyróżnienia trzech ogólnych kategorii odpowiedzi, które wskazywały na określone funkcje wołacza: ekspresywną, adresatywną, impresywną. Wyniki badań ukazują, że w świadomości respondentów najsilniej przejawia się funkcja adresatywna, związana głównie z wołaniem lub zwracaniem się do kogoś albo czegoś. Z funkcją ekspresywną lub impresywną wiążą oni wołacz zdecydowanie rzadziej. Odpowiedzi ankietowanych implikują także związek wołacza z resztą wypowiedzenia w określonych sytuacjach.
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