This article explores the early shape of the apanages of the sons of Chinggis Khan and Börte in light of their partial resemblance with pre-Chinggisid polities and the matrimonial alliances of the imperial princes. Noting the territorial and matrimonial links of Ögödei with the Naiman and Tolui with the Kereyid, I suggest that the early history of the Mongol Empire was more determined by the previous political order on the Mongolian Plateau than suggested in imperial historiography.
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