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Francisa Bacona interpretacja Księgi Daniela i milenarystyczne nadzieje

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Wewiór P.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2015

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issue 3(109)

92-109

EN

Apart from methodology of science, Francis Bacon is usually associated with secularism. According to secular interpretations, Bacon’s major purpose was to substitute a political concept of hope for a Christian one by formulating an infallible researching method and depicting a political utopia based on scientific and technological achievements. Recently, however, scholars increasingly read Bacon’s works in the context of 16th and 17th century religious discourse. By evoking this new interpretational attitude, the article derives Bacon’s scientific ideas and the utopia from millenarian hopes. Millenarism is an eschatological doctrine according to which the salvation foretold in the Scriptures will have also an earthly, temporal dimension. Bacon interprets the Bible and historical events in order to prove that at the beginning of 17th century the prophecy included in the Book of Daniel and concerning the Kingdom of God on earth came into being. According to Bacon, there were four sings indicating the realisation of the prophecy: the reformation, geographical discoveries, the development of arts, and emerging of the British Empire.

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Ordalia nad nową filozofią. Jak Franciszek Bacon bronił niewinności naukowych rewolucjonistów

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Wewiór P.

Filo-Sofija

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2009

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vol. 9

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issue 9

57-71

EN

The article concerns the 16th and 17th century epistemological controversy which existed between aristotelics, church authorities and innovatory scientists. Its purpose is to present the philosophical and legal reasoning of Francis Bacon, justifying the achievements of technical and scientific revolution.

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Montesquieu’s Attempt to Establish History as Science

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Wewiór P.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2013

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issue 6(99)

54-65

EN

The essay deals with Montesquieu’s methodology of history. My crucial assumption is that Montesquieu intends to cultivate history as science. In the 18th century this ambition meant that he wanted to use the analytical method in the field of history. His works include many examples of the successful exploitation of analysis. Since the philosopher does not consider his methods, my aim will be to extract from his works the ideas that stand behind his historical investigations. In other words, I am going to answer how history can be practiced as science (in the Enlightenment sense of this term). First of all, I am going to explain why analysis was – and still is – so efficient in a realm of natural phenomena. My point will be that it indicated to early modern scientist how they should conduct their experiments. On the other hand, experiments give advantage to scientists due to the fact that they are able to construct and control their object. To put it differently: analysis and experiments are efficient because truth and action are convertible. Now, my crucial question is: ‘Are historians capable of gaining advantage over their objects as physicists are?’ Giambattista Vico, for example, agrees. According to him, researchers can comprehend historical events because history is man-made. Some parts of Montesquieu’s works indicate that he shares Vico’s assumptions. Hence, historians are able to scrutinize past factors, and they can perform thought experiments. Such experiments are means for validating and abolishing hypotheses by using counterfactuals.

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Francisa Bacona interpretacja Księgi Daniela i milenarystyczne nadzieje

Ordalia nad nową filozofią. Jak Franciszek Bacon bronił niewinności naukowych rewolucjonistów

Montesquieu’s Attempt to Establish History as Science