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EN
At the height of Stalinism, the Soviet state was a fully developed totalitarian state. The dream of a new man, being the essence of a totalitarian regime, has turned into a nightmare. The man who was in the orbit of Joseph Stalin had no choice: he became either a victim or a perpetrator. His absolute power grew out of boundless proportions of terror. Stalinist violence was possible only because Stalin and his entourage treated it as an obvious tool for strengthening power, and this conviction came not from the texts of European Marxism, but from the experience and mental formation of the perpetrators. Stalin used violence to calculate his moves cold because he considered playing with death as an element of the power mechanism. At the same time Stalin was a murderer who enjoyed killing and inflicting pain and who used ideological arguments written in the canonical texts of Marxist theorists to justify his criminal decisions externally.
PL
Państwo sowieckie w apogeum stalinizmu było w pełni rozwiniętym państwem totalitarnym. Marzenie o nowym człowieku, stanowiące istotę reżimu totalitarnego, zmieniło się w koszmar. Ten, kto znajdował się w orbicie Józefa Stalina, nie miał wyjścia: stawał się albo ofiarą, albo sprawcą. Jego władza absolutna wyrosła z bezgranicznych rozmiarów terroru. Przemoc stalinowska była możliwa tylko dlatego, że Stalin i jego otoczenie traktowali ją jako oczywiste narzędzie służące umocnieniu władzy i przekonanie to pochodziło nie z tekstów europejskiego marksizmu, ale z doświadczenia i mentalnego ukształtowania sprawców. Stalin używał przemocy, kalkulując na zimno swoje posunięcia, gdyż grę ze śmiercią uważał za element mechanizmu władzy. Jednocześnie Stalin był mordercą, któremu zabijanie i zadawanie bólu sprawiało radość i który wykorzystywał argumenty ideologiczne, zapisane w kanonicznych tekstach teoretyków marksizmu, do tego, by móc na zewnątrz uzasadnić swoje przestępcze decyzje.
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PL
The main thesis of the article is as follows: war shares a lasting and unbreakable bond with human life and state politics and, despite the Utopian dreams of never-ending peace, conflicts are the sine qua non building blocks of a country’s policy and the development of the human race. Why? Because a state is an imperfect, yet the most perfect among the civilisationally achievable means of organising the lives of people who, for various reasons, display war inclinations. This paper is a political sciences analysis of the problem from the perspective of history of political philosophy. To achieve the research goal, the author first analyses the Utopian visions of peace ruling over war and the designs of eternal peace, putting forward subtheses on the primate of peace over war and the human drive towards peace which was to be determined by 1). religion, 2). proper upbringing and education as well as the new organisation of a society and its reflection in the federalist project. These theses are debunked and proven to be wishful thinking as each human being and each state have violence in their genetic code.
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